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Osteoarthritis commonly affects the hands, feet, spine, and the large weight-bearing joints, such as the hips and knees, although in theory, any joint in the body can be affected. As osteoarthritis progresses, movement patterns (such as gait), are typically affected. [1] Osteoarthritis is the most common cause of a joint effusion of the knee. [15]
Heberden's nodes are hard or bony swellings that can develop in the distal interphalangeal joints (DIP) (the joints closest to the end of the fingers and toes). [1] They are a sign of osteoarthritis and are caused by formation of osteophytes (calcific spurs) of the articular (joint) cartilage in response to repeated trauma at the joint.
Toe walking is a term describing a type of walking style. Toe walking is when a person walks on their toes or the ball of their foot, without putting much or any weight on the heel or any other part of the foot. [1] Toe walking in toddlers is common. Children who toe walk as toddlers commonly adopt a heel-toe walking pattern as they grow older.
Osteoarthritis usually occurs as an individual ages and often affects the hips, knees, shoulders, and fingers. [7] [11] Rheumatoid arthritis is an autoimmune disorder that often affects the hands and feet. [7] Other types of arthritis include gout, lupus, and septic arthritis. [7] [12] These are inflammatory based types of rheumatic disease. [2]
Older people are more likely to develop hammer toes. Women are at higher risk, due to the construction of women's shoes. [1] Injuries to the toes, and being born with a big toe that is short in comparison to the second toe, increase risk. [4] Arthritis and diabetes may also increase the risk of foot deformities. [4]
A study published in 2011 examined the hand radiographs of 215 people (aged 50 to 89). It compared the joints of those who regularly cracked their knuckles to those who did not. [18] The study concluded that knuckle-cracking did not cause hand osteoarthritis, no matter how many years or how often a person cracked their knuckles. [18]
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Jaccoud arthropathy (JA), is a chronic non-erosive reversible joint disorder that may occur after repeated bouts of arthritis. [1] [2] It is caused by inflammation of the joint capsule and subsequent fibrotic retraction, causing ulnar deviation of the fingers, through metacarpophalangeal joint (MCP) subluxation, [1] [3] primarily of the ring and little-finger. [3]
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