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Inorganic bromine is found in the atmosphere and is quickly cycled between its gas and its particulate phase. Bromine gas (Br 2 ) undergoes an autocatalytic cycle known as the ' bromine explosion ', which occurs in the ocean and salt lakes such as the Dead Sea , where a high quantity of salts are exposed to the atmosphere.
Bromine was discovered independently by two chemists, Carl Jacob Löwig [13] and Antoine Balard, [14] [15] in 1825 and 1826, respectively. [ 16 ] Löwig isolated bromine from a mineral water spring from his hometown Bad Kreuznach in 1825.
Water is the medium of the oceans, the medium which carries all the substances and elements involved in the marine biogeochemical cycles. Water as found in nature almost always includes dissolved substances, so water has been described as the "universal solvent" for its ability to dissolve so many substances.
In 1826 he discovered in seawater a substance which he recognized as a previously unknown element and named it bromine. [5] It had been independently prepared by Carl Jacob Löwig the previous year and the two are both regarded as having discovered the element.
The high-bromine brines in the Appalachian Basin are found in Silurian and Devonian rocks, in Pennsylvania, Ohio, and West Virginia. The principal source of the brine in Ohio and West Virginia was the Pottsville Formation, also called the Big Salt Sand. In Pennsylvania, bromine brine was pumped from the Pocono Sandstone. [2]
Brine mining is the extraction of useful materials (chemical elements or compounds) which are naturally dissolved in brine.The brine may be seawater, other surface water, groundwater, or hyper-saline solutions from several industries (e.g., textile industries). [1]
Bromine readily reacts with water, i.e. it undergoes hydrolysis: Br 2 + H 2 O → HOBr + HBr. This forms hypobromous acid (HOBr), and hydrobromic acid (HBr in water). The solution is called "bromine water". The hydrolysis of bromine is more favorable in the presence of base, for example sodium hydroxide: Br 2 + NaOH → NaOBr + NaBr
Marine chemistry, also known as ocean chemistry or chemical oceanography, is the study of the chemical composition and processes of the world’s oceans, including the interactions between seawater, the atmosphere, the seafloor, and marine organisms. [2]