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[23] [24] [25] He believed that Islam does not have a monopoly on truth. [2] [26] [22]: 224 Apologetic writings, attributed to the philosopher Abd-Allah ibn al-Muqaffa (d. c. 756), include defenses of Manichaeism against Islam and critiques of the Islamic concept of God, characterizing the Quranic deity in highly critical terms.
In contrast to human rights activists, Islamic scholars and Islamist political parties consider 'universal human rights' arguments as the imposition of a non-Muslim culture on Muslim people, a disrespect of customary cultural practices and sexual codes that are central to Islam.
Charles Matthews writes that there is a "large debate about what the Quran commands as regards the "sword verses" and the "peace verses". According to Matthews, "the question of the proper prioritization of these verses, and how they should be understood in relation to one another, has been a central issue for Islamic thinking about war."
[28] In the twentieth century, scholars of the early Soviet Union working in the context of dialectical materialism and fighting the "opium of the people" argued that Muhammad and the first Caliphs were "mythical figures" and that "the motive force" of early Islam was "the mercantile bourgeoisie of Mecca and Medina" and "slave-owning" Arab society.
In an Islamic context it can refer to spreading corruption on Earth or spreading mischief in a Muslim land, [2] moral corruption against God, [3] or disturbance of the public peace. [ 4 ] The spread of fasad is a major theme in the Quran, and the notion is often contrasted with islah (setting things aright). [ 5 ]
The Islamic followers of Mohammed executed the men of the Jewish tribe of Banu Qurayza for a treaty violation, with several hundred killed in 627. [ 36 ] After the Battle of Hattin (1187), Saladin personally beheaded Raynald of Châtillon ; a Christian knight who served in the Second Crusade and organized attacks against Islam's two holiest ...
Arabia united under Muhammad (7th century CE) according to traditional accounts Islamic studies do not reveal a specific Islamic religious identity and political attitude with sharp boundaries for early period; [15] The Rāshidūn caliphs used Sasanian symbols (Star and crescent, Fire temple, depictions of the last emperor Khosrow II) by adding the Arabic bismillāh on their coins. [16]
Not all religious people subscribe to the idea that religion and science are mutually exclusive (non-overlapping magisteria) as do some atheists including Stephen Jay Gould. [138] Biologist Richard Dawkins has said that religious practitioners often do not believe in the view of non-overlapping magisteria. [139]