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Optic neuritis describes any condition that causes inflammation of the optic nerve; ... Early symptoms that require investigation include symptoms from multiple ...
Optic neuritis, when combined with the presence of multiple demyelinating white matter brain lesions on MRI, is suspicious for multiple sclerosis. Several causes and clinical courses are possible for the optic neuritis. It can be classified in: Single isolated optic neuritis (SION) relapsing isolated optic neuritis (RION)
The optic disc is where the axons from the retinal ganglion cells collect into the optic nerve. The optic nerve is the bundle of axons that carry the visual signals from the eye to the brain. This optic nerve must penetrate through the wall of the eye, and the hole to accommodate this is usually 20-30% larger than the nerve diameter.
Leber hereditary optic neuropathy is a condition related to changes in mitochondrial DNA. Although most DNA is packaged in chromosomes within the nucleus, mitochondria have a distinct mitochondrial genome composed of mtDNA. Mutations in the MT-ND1, MT-ND4, MT-ND4L, and MT-ND6 genes cause Leber hereditary optic neuropathy. [6]
The second most common initial manifestation of the disease is inflammation of the optic nerve and/or optic chiasm (optic neuritis, ON). [4] ON may lead to varying degrees of visual impairment with decreased visual acuity , although visual field defects, or loss of color vision , may occur in isolation or prior to formal loss of visual acuity.
Corticosteroid responsive optic neuritis not associated with demyelinating disease should also be ruled out, including sarcoidosis, systemic lupus erythematosus, or other systemic autoimmune disease. [11] Hereditary causes such as Leber's hereditary optic neuropathy are also part of the differential diagnosis. [12]
Retrobulbar neuritis, an inflamed optic nerve, but with a normal-appearing nerve head, is associated with pain and the other findings of papillitis. Pseudopapilledema is a normal variant of the optic disk , in which the disk appears elevated, with indistinct margins and a normal vascular pattern.
Optic neuritis involving internal fibers of the optic nerve causes central scotoma. [ 4 ] lf unilateral central scotoma is detected, careful observation of the temporal visual field of other eye is essential to rule out the possibility of compressive lesions at the junction of optic nerve and optic chiasm.
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