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African-American women began experiencing the "Anti-Black" women's suffrage movement. [12] The National Woman Suffrage Association considered the Northeastern Federation of Colored Women's Clubs to be a liability to the association due to Southern white women's attitudes toward black women getting the vote. [13]
National Archives for Black Women's History (formerly the National Council of Negro Women's National Library, Archives, and Museum) is an archive located at 3300 Hubbard Rd, Landover, Maryland. It is dedicated to cataloguing, restoring and preserving the documents and photographs of African-American women.
Black women began to work for political rights in the 1830s in New York and Philadelphia. [19] Throughout the 19th century, black women like Harriet Forten Purvis, Mary Ann Shadd Cary, and Frances Ellen Watkins Harper worked on black civil rights, like the right to vote. Black women had to fight for racial equality, as well as women's rights.
The white women active in SCFCWC often were committed to improving African American lives, but they still upheld racial norms. [6] During the 1940s, black women in South Carolina used the SCFCWC to further their goals of equal pay for teachers, voting rights, full citizenship, and support for middle-class black women.
In 1868, black women's clubs were formed in Harris County, Texas. [57] Between 1880 and 1920, black women in Indianapolis, Indiana had created more than 500 clubs addressing various issues. [52] During the Progressive era, many black women migrated to the Northern United States and into more urban areas. [58]
In Chicago, the issue of black women voters was a competition between the middle-class women's clubs, and the black preachers. Prominent women activists in Chicago included Ida B. Wells and Ada S. McKinley, Who attracted a national audience, as well as Ella Berry, Ida Dempsey and Jennie Lawrence. By 1930, blacks comprised upwards of 1/5 of the ...
First African-American woman in the U.S. Cabinet: Patricia Roberts Harris, Secretary of Housing and Urban Development; First African-American woman whose signature appeared on U.S. currency: Azie Taylor Morton, the 36th Treasurer of the United States; First African-American publisher of mainstream gay publication: Alan Bell [264] [265]
Formal training and recognition of African-American women began in 1858 when Sarah Mapps Douglass was the first black woman to graduate from a medical course of study at an American university. [1] Later, in 1864 Rebecca Crumpler became the first African-American woman to earn a medical degree. The first nursing graduate was Mary Mahoney in 1879.