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Retransmission, essentially identical with automatic repeat request (ARQ), is the resending of packets which have been either damaged or lost. Retransmission is one of the basic mechanisms used by protocols operating over a packet switched computer network to provide reliable communication (such as that provided by a reliable byte stream, for example TCP).
The acknowledgement function is used in the automatic repeat request (ARQ) function. Acknowledgement frames are numbered in coordination with the frames that have been received and then sent to the transmitter. This allows the transmitter to avoid overflow or underrun at the receiver, and to become aware of any missed frames.
Reliable Data Transfer is a topic in computer networking concerning the transfer of data across unreliable channels. Unreliability is one of the drawbacks of packet switched networks such as the modern internet, as packet loss can occur for a variety of reasons, and delivery of packets is not guaranteed to happen in the order that the packets were sent.
Alice replies with an acknowledgment (ACK) message with acknowledgement number +, which Bob receives and to which he doesn't need to reply. In this setup, the synchronize messages act as service requests from one server to the other, while the acknowledgement messages return to the requesting server to let it know the message was received.
Completeness occurs in the Lehmann–Scheffé theorem, [1] which states that if a statistic that is unbiased, complete and sufficient for some parameter θ, then it is the best mean-unbiased estimator for θ.
Validation may refer to: . Data validation, in computer science, ensuring that data inserted into an application satisfies defined formats and other input criteria; Emotional validation, in interpersonal communication is the recognition, the affirmation, the acceptance of the existence of expressed emotions, and the communication, the acknowledgement, of this recognition with the emoter(s ...
Indeed, in statistics there is a common aphorism that "all models are wrong". In the words of Burnham & Anderson, In the words of Burnham & Anderson, "Modeling is an art as well as a science and is directed toward finding a good approximating model ... as the basis for statistical inference".
The item-total correlation approach is a way of identifying a group of questions whose responses can be combined into a single measure or scale. This is a simple approach that works by ensuring that, when considered across a whole population, responses to the questions in the group tend to vary together and, in particular, that responses to no individual question are poorly related to an ...