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For price discrimination to succeed, a seller must have market power, such as a dominant market share, product uniqueness, sole pricing power, etc. [9] Some prices under price discrimination may be lower than the price charged by a single-price monopolist. Price discrimination can be utilized by a monopolist to recapture some deadweight loss.
Tobin's q [a] (or the q ratio, and Kaldor's v), is the ratio between a physical asset's market value and its replacement value.It was first introduced by Nicholas Kaldor in 1966 in his paper: Marginal Productivity and the Macro-Economic Theories of Distribution: Comment on Samuelson and Modigliani.
In logic and mathematics, statements and are said to be logically equivalent if they have the same truth value in every model. [1] The logical equivalence of and is sometimes expressed as , ::, , or , depending on the notation being used.
Notation (,)Parameters {,,, …} – number of trials[,] – success probability for each trial= Support {,, …,} – number of successesPMF ()CDF ...
Thus, b q is a symmetric bilinear form over K with matrix A. Conversely, any symmetric bilinear form b defines a quadratic form q ( x ) = b ( x , x ) , {\displaystyle q(x)=b(x,x),} and these two processes are the inverses of each other.
Let p and q be polynomials with coefficients in an integral domain F, typically a field or the integers. A greatest common divisor of p and q is a polynomial d that divides p and q, and such that every common divisor of p and q also divides d.
An odds ratio (OR) is a statistic that quantifies the strength of the association between two events, A and B. The odds ratio is defined as the ratio of the odds of event A taking place in the presence of B, and the odds of A in the absence of B. Due to symmetry, odds ratio reciprocally calculates the ratio of the odds of B occurring in the presence of A, and the odds of B in the absence of A.
The original Arawak term barabicu was used to refer to a wooden framework. Among the framework's uses was the suspension of meat over a flame. The English word barbecue and its cognates in other languages come from the Spanish word barbacoa, which has its origin in an indigenous American word. [3]