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Phagocytosis (from Ancient Greek φαγεῖν (phagein) 'to eat' and κύτος (kytos) 'cell') is the process by which a cell uses its plasma membrane to engulf a large particle (≥ 0.5 μm), giving rise to an internal compartment called the phagosome. It is one type of endocytosis. A cell that performs phagocytosis is called a phagocyte.
A rising body of fluid typically loses heat when it encounters a cold surface when it exchanges heat with colder liquid through direct exchange, or in the example of the Earth's atmosphere, when it radiates heat. At some point, the fluid becomes denser than the fluid beneath it, which is still rising.
Unbound phagocyte surface receptors do not trigger phagocytosis. 2. Binding of receptors causes them to cluster. 3. Phagocytosis is triggered and the particle is taken up by the phagocyte. Phagocytosis is the process of taking in particles such as bacteria, invasive fungi, parasites, dead host cells, and cellular and foreign debris by a cell. [22]
Phagocytosis of an otherwise-viable cell may occur because the cell is recognised as stressed, activated, senescent, damaged, pathogenic or non-self, or is misrecognised. Cells are phagocytosed as a result of: i) expressing eat-me signals on their surface, ii) losing don’t-eat-me signals, and/or iii) binding of opsonins .
Simplified control circuit of human thermoregulation. [8]The core temperature of a human is regulated and stabilized primarily by the hypothalamus, a region of the brain linking the endocrine system to the nervous system, [9] and more specifically by the anterior hypothalamic nucleus and the adjacent preoptic area regions of the hypothalamus.
Metabolic support: The breakdown of phagolysosomal contents may provide raw materials and energy for cellular functions, including further rounds of phagocytosis. Lysosome reformation: The vesicles released during phagolysosome resolution contribute to the reformation of lysosomes, thus supporting the next round of phagocytosis.
This is due to plaque buildup as a result of defective efferocytosis. Plaque build up leads to development of large necrotic cores and thin caps. The resulting inflammation and necrosis releases the cell's contents and causes more inflammation. [ 9 ]
Respiratory burst (or oxidative burst) is the rapid release of the reactive oxygen species (ROS), superoxide anion (O − 2) and hydrogen peroxide (H 2 O 2), from different cell types. This is usually utilised for mammalian immunological defence, but also plays a role in cell signalling.