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Behaviorism is a systematic approach to understand the behavior of humans and other animals. [1] [2] It assumes that behavior is either a reflex elicited by the pairing of certain antecedent stimuli in the environment, or a consequence of that individual's history, including especially reinforcement and punishment contingencies, together with the individual's current motivational state and ...
Behavioralism attempts to explain human behavior from an unbiased, neutral point of view, focusing only on what can be verified by direct observation, preferably using statistical and quantitative methods. [2] [3] In doing so, it rejects attempts to study internal human phenomena such as thoughts, subjective experiences, or human well-being. [4]
Behaviorism was first developed by John B. Watson (1912), who coined the term "behaviorism", and then B. F. Skinner who developed what is known as "radical behaviorism". Watson and Skinner rejected the idea that psychological data could be obtained through introspection or by an attempt to describe consciousness; all psychological data, in ...
[3] [21] In the "Manifesto", Watson outlines the major features of his new philosophy of psychology, behaviorism, with the first paragraph of the article concisely describing Watson's behaviorist position: [3]: 2 Psychology as the behaviorist views it is a purely objective experimental branch of natural science.
In the philosophy of mind, logical behaviorism (also known as analytical behaviorism) [1] is the thesis that mental concepts can be explained in terms of behavioral concepts. [ 2 ] Logical behaviorism was first stated by the Vienna Circle , especially Rudolf Carnap . [ 2 ]
This ambiguity is also reflected on the level of the philosophy of education, which encompasses the study of the philosophical presuppositions and issues both of education as a process and as a discipline. [10] Many works in the philosophy of education focus explicitly or implicitly on the education happening in schools.
Originating in the United States in the late 1970s, instructional theory is influenced by three basic theories in educational thought: behaviorism, the theory that helps us understand how people conform to predetermined standards; cognitivism, the theory that learning occurs through mental associations; and constructivism, the theory explores the value of human activity as a critical function ...
Learning theory (education), the process of how humans learn Connectivism; Educational philosophies, an academic field that examines the definitions, goals and meaning of education, or of specific educational philosophies. Behaviorism (philosophy of education) Cognitivism (philosophy of education) Constructivism (philosophy of education)