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The history of X-ray microscopy can be traced back to the early 20th century. After the German physicist Röntgen discovered X-rays in 1895, scientists soon illuminated an object using an X-ray point source and captured the shadow images of the object with a resolution of several micrometers. [2]
Sterling Price Newberry (August 10, 1915 – January 28, 2017) was an American inventor and microscopist.He was born in Springfield, Missouri.Newberry invented the shadow X-ray microscope and was one of the founders of the Microscopy Society of America.
Early X-ray microscopes by Paul Kirkpatrick and Albert Baez used grazing incidence reflective optics to focus the X-rays, which grazed X-rays off parabolic curved mirrors at a very high angle of incidence. An alternative method of focusing X-rays is to use a tiny fresnel zone plate of concentric gold or nickel rings on a silicon dioxide substrate
In 1948, Báez co-invented, with his doctoral program advisor, Paul Kirkpatrick, the X-ray reflection microscope for examination of living cells. [9] This microscope is still used in medicine . Baez received his Ph.D. in physics from Stanford in 1950, and wrote his thesis titled "Principles of X-Ray Optics and the Development of a Single State ...
A 3D X-ray microscope uses the technique of computed tomography , rotating the sample 360 degrees and reconstructing the images. CT is typically carried out with a flat panel display. A 3D X-ray microscope employs a range of objectives, e.g., from 4X to 40X, and can also include a flat panel.
1967: Erwin Wilhelm Müller adds time-of-flight spectroscopy to the field ion microscope, making the first atom probe and allowing the chemical identification of each individual atom. 1981: Gerd Binnig and Heinrich Rohrer develop the scanning tunneling microscope (STM). 1986: Gerd Binnig, Quate, and Gerber invent the atomic force microscope (AFM).
Caldwell was born in Savannah, Missouri, to attorney William W. Caldwell and the former Camilla Kellogg. [1] [2] He showed an early interest in mechanical and electrical devices, having grown up in an era during which a number of electrical innovations had been significantly refined, including the electric light, telephones, and transatlantic telegraph cables.
The detectors for observing cosmic X-ray sources were X-ray proportional counters. The hard X-ray telescope operated over the energy range 7 - 550 keV. OSO 7 performed an X-ray All-sky survey and discovered the 9-day periodicity in Vela X-1 which led to its optical identification as a HMXRB. OSO 7 was launched on September 29, 1971 and operated ...
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