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Respiratory bronchiolitis is a lung disease associated with tobacco smoking. [1] In pathology, it is defined by the presence of "smoker's macrophages". [1] When manifesting significant clinical symptoms it is referred to as respiratory bronchiolitis interstitial lung disease (RB-ILD). [1]
ACO presents with symptoms of both asthma and COPD. [1] ACO presents in adulthood, usually after the age of 40 (after there has been significant tobacco smoke or other toxic fumes exposure), with symptoms of dyspnea (shortness of breath), exercise intolerance, sputum production, cough and episodes of symptomatic worsening known as exacerbations.
[9] [10] Symptoms include episodes of wheezing, coughing, chest tightness, and shortness of breath. [3] These may occur a few times a day or a few times per week. [4] Depending on the person, asthma symptoms may become worse at night or with exercise. [4] Asthma is thought to be caused by a combination of genetic and environmental factors. [3]
Allergens, e.g., pollens, wood or cigarette smoke, pollution [5] Toxins, including a variety of different chemicals [5] Air pollution [citation needed] Failing to follow a drug therapy program, e.g. improper use of an inhaler [citation needed] In one-third of all COPD exacerbation cases, the cause cannot be identified. [citation needed]
Bronchiolitis obliterans results in worsening shortness of breath, wheezing, and a dry cough.The symptoms can start gradually, or severe symptoms can occur suddenly. [9] [10] These symptoms represent an obstructive pattern that is non-reversible with bronchodilator therapy, and need to be related to various lung insults. [11]
Smoking-related deaths in firsthand and secondhand smokers in the US between 2005 and 2009 (no data available for secondhand smokers with COPD deaths [7]) The morbidity of cigarette smoking is nearly 50% with 7 million first-hand smokers and 1.2 millions second hand smokers killed each year. [8]
Asthma is a common condition and affects over 300 million people around the world. [3] Asthma causes recurring episodes of wheezing, breathlessness, chest tightness, and coughing, particularly at night or in the early morning. [4] Exercise-induced asthma is common in asthmatics, especially after participation in outdoor activities in cold weather.
[9] [10] In general, acute HP is suspected to be attributed to a type III hypersensitivity while the subacute and chronic types are suspected to be caused by T cell infiltration and granuloma formation. [11] Because different people react variably to antigen exposure, the exact mechanism is unclear but genetic and host factors are likely at ...