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Autism is a spectrum, meaning it manifests in various ways, with its severity and support needs varying widely across different autistic people. [12] [13] [14] For example, some autistic people are nonverbal, while others have proficient spoken language.
The term "high-functioning autism" was used in a manner similar to Asperger syndrome, another outdated classification.The defining characteristic recognized by psychologists was a significant delay in the development of early speech and language skills, before the age of three years. [12]
Classic autism, also known as childhood autism, autistic disorder, or Kanner's syndrome, is a formerly diagnosed neurodevelopmental disorder first described by Leo Kanner in 1943. It is characterized by atypical and impaired development in social interaction and communication as well as restricted, repetitive behaviors, activities, and interests.
Identical twin studies put autism's heritability in a range between 36% and 95.7%, with concordance for a broader phenotype usually found at the higher end of the range. [28] Autism concordance in siblings and fraternal twins is anywhere between 0 and 23.5%. This is more likely 2–4% for classic autism and 10–20% for a broader spectrum.
Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a range of developmental conditions that can affect people differently. Each person with ASD may have their own challenges and require different levels of assistance.
For ASD other than autism the association is much weaker: the same study reported typical levels of intelligence in about 94% of 53 children with PDD-NOS. [54] Estimates are that 40–69% of individuals with ASD have some degree of an intellectual disability, [ 34 ] with females more likely to be in severe range of an intellectual disability.
Autism Speaks – the world's largest autism advocacy organization that sponsors autism research and conducts awareness and outreach activities aimed at families, governments, and the public; some have argued that it is exploitative and unkind. Gluten-free, casein-free diet – diet that eliminates dietary intake of gluten and casein.
In some cases, a spectrum approach joins conditions that were previously considered separately. A notable example of this trend is the autism spectrum, where conditions on this spectrum may now all be referred to as autism spectrum disorders, and in the DSM-5 were unified into a single autism spectrum disorder (ASD). A spectrum approach may ...
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