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Eosinophils usually account for less than 7% of the circulating leukocytes. [1] A marked increase in non-blood tissue eosinophil count noticed upon histopathologic examination is diagnostic for tissue eosinophilia. [2] Several causes are known, with the most common being some form of allergic reaction or parasitic infection.
If the cause is unknown, it is specified and called "simple pulmonary eosinophilia". Cardiac damage caused by the damaging effects of eosinophil granule proteins (e.g. major basic protein) is known as Loeffler endocarditis and can be caused by idiopathic eosinophilia or eosinophilia in response to parasitic infection. [12]
Parasites cause eosinophilic pneumonia in three different ways. Parasites can either invade the lungs, live in the lungs as part of their life cycle, or be spread to the lungs by the bloodstream. Eosinophils then migrate to the lungs in order to fight the parasites, and cause eosinophilic pneumonia when they release their contents.
High concentrations of these DNA traps are known to cause cellular damage, as the granules they contain are responsible for the ligand-induced secretion of eosinophilic toxins which cause structural damage. [6] There is evidence to suggest that eosinophil granule protein expression is regulated by the non-coding RNA EGOT. [13]
Angiostrongylus cantonensis is a nematode (roundworm) parasite that causes angiostrongyliasis, an infection that is the most common cause of eosinophilic meningitis in Southeast Asia and the Pacific Basin. [3] The nematode commonly resides in the pulmonary arteries of rats, giving it the common name rat lungworm. [4]
Common laboratory findings for parasitic pneumonia includes peripheral eosinophilia, or elevated eosinophil levels on a [[complete blood count. [6] Although this may be present in any parasitic infection, this is a defining feature of Loeffler's syndrome. [7] Parasites may be detected by specific tests depending on which organ system they affect.
Three species of filarial roundworms, all from the Onchocercidae family, cause human lymphatic filariasis: Wuchereria bancrofti, Brugia malayi, and Brugia timori. [1] Tropical pulmonary eosinophilia is a rare syndrome characterised by pulmonary interstitial infiltrates and marked peripheral eosinophilia. [2]
Eosinophilia is often prominent in filarial infections. Dead worms may cause chronic abscesses, which may lead to the formation of granulomatous reactions and fibrosis. [citation needed] In the human host, Loa loa larvae migrate to the subcutaneous tissue, where they mature to adult worms in approximately one year, but sometimes up to four ...
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