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Fetal-maternal haemorrhage is the loss of fetal blood cells into the maternal circulation. It takes place in normal pregnancies as well as when there are obstetric or trauma related complications to pregnancy.
This pathology occurs due to the normal physiological drop in maternal clotting factors after delivery which greatly increases the risk of secondary postpartum hemorrhage. [14] Another bleeding risk factor is thrombocytopenia, or decreased platelet levels, which is the most common hematological change associated with pregnancy induced hypertension.
Early clamping of the umbilical cord does not decrease risks and may cause anemia in the baby, and thus is usually not recommended. [2] Active management of the third stage is a method of shortening the stage between when the baby is born and when the placenta is delivered. [15] This stage is when the mother is at risk of having a PPH.
Chorionic hematoma is the pooling of blood between the chorion, a membrane surrounding the embryo, and the uterine wall. [2] It occurs in about 3.1% of all pregnancies , [ 2 ] it is the most common sonographic abnormality and the most common cause of first trimester bleeding .
If the bleeding is severe, immediate delivery is an option as long as the fetus is old enough to survive, or fetal blood volume restoration may be considered. [9] Another possible complication is cord hematoma, which doesn’t have any characteristic symptoms but can be indicated by sudden bradycardia.
Antepartum bleeding, also known as antepartum haemorrhage (APH) or prepartum hemorrhage, is genital bleeding during pregnancy after the 28th week of pregnancy up to delivery. [1] [2] It can be associated with reduced fetal birth weight. [3]
Uterine atony is the failure of the uterus to contract adequately following delivery. Contraction of the uterine muscles during labor compresses the blood vessels and slows flow, which helps prevent hemorrhage and facilitates coagulation.
Caput succedaneum is a benign neonatal condition involving a serosanguinous (containing blood and serum), subcutaneous, extra-periosteal fluid collection with poorly defined margins caused by the pressure on the presenting part of the fetal scalp by the vaginal walls and uterus as the infant passes through a narrowed cervix during delivery.