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From 1882 Egypt was nominally independent but effectively under the control of Britain, while Italy invaded and occupied Libya in 1912. The Egypt–Libya border was the scene of see-saw battles between the British and the allied German and Italian forces during World War II, culminating in the Second Battle of El Alamein in October–November ...
For Egypt, supporting Haftar is part of a broader strategy to counter Islamist movements and maintain regional influence. Turkey, on the other hand, views its role in Libya as vital for preserving ...
The Egyptian intervention in Libya has been substantial since the beginning of the Libyan civil war. The intervention started after the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant (ISIL) released a video of the beheading of 21 Egyptians on 12 February, 2015. In response, Egypt launched airstrikes on 16 February, that same year. After that incident ...
In spite of the crisis, Libya maintains one of the highest human development index (HDI) rankings among countries in Africa. [81] [82] The war has caused a significant loss of economic potential in Libya, estimated at 783.2 billion Libyan dinars from 2011 to 2021. [83] By 2022, the humanitarian situation had improved, though challenges remain. [84]
On 29 December 2011, Libya's National Oil Corporation (NOC) announced that the country's output of crude oil had risen to over 1 million barrels per day (bpd), compared to 1.6 million bpd before the uprising. [138] Libya's biggest oil terminal, Es Sider, resumed operations as of January 2012 [139] but may take more than a year to be fully ...
However, even if armed factions become less visible on the streets, any substantive withdrawal is seen as unlikely without broader agreements on Libya's long-term political future.
The efforts are complicated by the fact that Libya is technically under two administrations, split between the UN-backed government in the west and the military government in the east, where Derna is.
Libya's GDP per capita , human development index, and literacy rate were better than in Egypt and Tunisia, whose Arab Spring revolutions preceded the outbreak of protests in Libya. [75] Libya's corruption perception index in 2010 was 2.2, ranking 146th out of 178 countries, worse than that of Egypt (ranked 98th) and Tunisia (ranked 59th). [76]