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Many carboxylic acids are produced industrially on a large scale. They are also frequently found in nature. Esters of fatty acids are the main components of lipids and polyamides of aminocarboxylic acids are the main components of proteins. Carboxylic acids are used in the production of polymers, pharmaceuticals, solvents, and food additives.
Carboxylic acids are organic acids characterized by a carboxyl (-COOH) functional group. The naming of these compounds is governed by IUPAC nomenclature, which ensures systematic and consistent naming of chemicals. Numerous organic compounds have other common names, often originating in historical source material thereof.
Caproic acid, also known as hexanoic acid, is the carboxylic acid derived from hexane with the chemical formula CH 3 (CH 2) 4 COOH.It is a colorless oily liquid with an odor that is fatty, cheesy, waxy, and like that of goats [1] or other barnyard animals.
In general, dicarboxylic acids show similar chemical behavior and reactivity to monocarboxylic acids. Dicarboxylic acids are used in the preparation of copolymers such as polyamides and polyesters. The most widely used dicarboxylic acid in the industry is adipic acid, which is a precursor in the production of nylon.
Alpha hydroxy carboxylic acids, or α-hydroxy carboxylic acids (AHAs), are a group of carboxylic acids featuring a hydroxy group located one carbon atom away from the acid group. This structural aspect distinguishes them from beta hydroxy acids , where the functional groups are separated by two carbon atoms. [ 1 ]
Esters of carboxylic acids with low molecular weight are commonly used as fragrances and found in essential oils and pheromones. Phosphoesters form the backbone of DNA molecules. Nitrate esters, such as nitroglycerin, are known for their explosive properties, while polyesters are important plastics, with monomers linked by ester moieties.
DCC (dicyclohexylcarbodiimide) is used to activate the carboxylic acid to further reaction. 4-Dimethylaminopyridine (DMAP) is used as an acyl-transfer catalyst. [16] Another method for the dehydration of mixtures of alcohols and carboxylic acids is the Mitsunobu reaction: RCO 2 H + R'OH + P(C 6 H 5) 3 + R 2 N 2 → RCO 2 R' + OP(C 6 H 5) 3 + R ...
Because of resonance stabilization, carboxylic acids have much lower pK a values (and are therefore stronger acids) than alcohols. For example, the pK a value of acetic acid is 4.8, while ethanol has a pK a of 16. Hence acetic acid is a much stronger acid than ethanol.
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