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Zinc deficiency is defined either as insufficient zinc to meet the needs of the body, or as a serum zinc level below the normal range. However, since a decrease in the serum concentration is only detectable after long-term or severe depletion, serum zinc is not a reliable biomarker for zinc status. [1]
Copper deficiency, or hypocupremia, is defined either as insufficient copper to meet the needs of the body, or as a serum copper level below the normal range. [1] Symptoms may include fatigue, decreased red blood cells, early greying of the hair, and neurological problems presenting as numbness, tingling, muscle weakness, and ataxia. [2]
This condition is known as early infantile epileptic encephalopathy 25. The protein encoded by the gene belongs to a solute carrier family , numbered as 13. [ 6 ] It was discovered in 2002 that it binds preferentially to and transports citrate anions . [ 7 ]
This treatment is injected intramuscularly (into a muscle) every few weeks and has unpleasant side effects such as pain. [ 22 ] People who are asymptomatic (for instance, those diagnosed through family screening or only as a result of abnormal test results) are generally treated, as the copper accumulation may cause long-term damage in the future.
Treatment varies according to the type and severity of the encephalopathy. Anticonvulsants may be prescribed to reduce or halt any seizures. Changes to diet and nutritional supplements may help some people. In severe cases, dialysis or organ replacement surgery may be needed. [citation needed]
The treatment of hepatic encephalopathy depends on the suspected underlying cause (types A, B, or C) and the presence or absence of underlying causes. If encephalopathy develops in acute liver failure (type A), even in a mild form (grade 1–2), it indicates that a liver transplant may be required, and transfer to a specialist centre is advised ...
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The use of zinc sulfate supplements together with oral rehydration therapy decreases the number of bowel movements and the time until the diarrhea stops. [2] Its use in this situation is recommended by the World Health Organization. [2] There is some evidence zinc is effective in reducing hepatic and neurological symptoms of Wilson's disease. [8]