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Fat hydrogenation is the process of combining unsaturated fat with hydrogen in order to partially or completely convert it into saturated fat.Typically this hydrogenation is done with liquid vegetable oils resulting in solid or semi-solid fats.
In 2007, Montgomery County, Maryland, approved a ban on partially hydrogenated oils, becoming the first county in the nation to restrict trans fats. [ 65 ] New York City embarked on a campaign in 2005 to reduce consumption of trans fats, noting that heart disease is the primary cause of resident deaths.
Partially hydrogenated fat such as Crisco and Spry, sold in England, began to replace butter and lard in baking bread, pies, cookies, and cakes in 1920. [27] Production of partially hydrogenated fats increased steadily in the 20th century as processed vegetable fats replaced animal fats in the U.S. and other Western countries.
A fully hydrogenated oil, also called a saturated fat, has had all of its double bonds converted into single bonds. If a polyunsaturated oil is left incompletely hydrogenated (not all of the double bonds are reduced to single bonds), then it is a "partially hydrogenated oil" (PHO).
Crisco, owned by The J.M. Smucker Company since 2002, remains the best-known brand of shortening in the US, nowadays consisting of a blend of partially and fully hydrogenated soybean and palm oils. [11] In Ireland and the UK, Trex is a popular brand [citation needed], while in Australia, Copha is popular, made primarily from coconut oil.
This template tabulates data of composition of various vegetable oils, their processing treatments (whether unrefined, hydrogenated or partially hydrogenated) and their smoke point The above documentation is transcluded from Template:Vegetable oils comparison/doc .
In particular, unsaturated vegetable oil can be interesterified with a fully hydrogenated version thereof, as in the illustration to the right. This procedure yields less saturated fat without creating the trans fat that would be produced by partial hydrogenation. [ 3 ]
Some store-bought baked goods are as well, especially those containing partially hydrogenated oils. [ 2 ] [ 3 ] [ 4 ] Other examples of foods containing a high proportion of saturated fat and dietary cholesterol include animal fat products such as lard or schmaltz , fatty meats and dairy products made with whole or reduced fat milk like yogurt ...