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Later low-quality clay pipes were made by slip casting in a mould. Higher quality pipes are made in a labour-intensive hand shaping process. [12] Traditionally, clay pipes are unglazed. Clays burn "hot" in comparison to other types of pipes, so they are often difficult for most pipe-smokers to use.
When steel pipes were introduced in 19th century, they initially were riveted, and later clamped with H-shaped bars (even though methods for making weldless steel tubes were known already in the 1870s [5]), until by the early 1930s these methods were replaced by welding, which is still widely used today. [6]
The multiple pipes were then sealed together with hot animal fat. Wooden pipes were used in Philadelphia, [24] Boston, and Montreal in the 1800s. Built-up wooden tubes were widely used in the US during the 20th century. These pipes (used in place of corrugated iron or reinforced concrete pipes) were made of sections cut from short lengths of wood.
Supply pipes were often lead but could also be wooden with iron-ring reinforcement at intervals, and some were hollowed logs, jointed together. [35] Stone-lined drains connected to sometimes massive sewer tunnels, such as at York. [36]
Cast iron pipe is pipe made predominantly from gray cast iron. It was historically used as a pressure pipe for transmission of water, gas and sewage, and as a water drainage pipe during the 17th, 18th, 19th and 20th centuries.
[20] [21] In the late 20th century, various models of electronic bagpipes were invented. The first custom-built MIDI bagpipes were developed by the Asturian piper known as Hevia (José Ángel Hevia Velasco). [22] Bagpipes players from The City Of Auckland Pipe Band.
Reel pipes (or "kitchen" or "parlour" pipes), smaller versions of the great Highland bagpipe for indoor playing; Scottish smallpipes are a modern interpretation of extinct smaller Scottish pipes used for recreational music. They were revived in the late 20th century by pipemakers such as Colin Ross.
The earliest pipes were made of clay, and are found at the Temple of Bel at Nippur in Babylonia. [127] [b] 4000 BC: Oldest evidence of locks, the earliest example discovered in the ruins of Nineveh, the capital of ancient Assyria. [130] 4000 BC – 3400 BC: Oldest evidence of wheels, found in the countries of Ukraine, Poland, and Germany. [131 ...