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Radiation therapy kills cancer cells in two ways depending on the effective energy of the radiative source. The amount of energy deposited as the particles traverse a section of tissue is referred to as the linear energy transfer (LET). X-rays produce low LET radiation, and protons and neutrons produce high LET radiation.
The Uganda Program on Cancer and Infectious Diseases (UPCID), established in 2004, is a joint program between Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center in Seattle and the Uganda Cancer Institute. [ 16 ] [ 17 ] [ 18 ] The program works to understand and treat infection-related cancers in the United States and abroad.
A linear accelerator (linac) produces x-rays from the impact of accelerated electrons striking a high z target, usually tungsten. The process is also referred to as "x-ray therapy" or "photon therapy." The emission head, or "gantry", is mechanically rotated around the patient in a full or partial circle. The table where the patient is lying ...
Medicine has used radiation therapy as a treatment for cancer for more than 100 years, with its earliest roots traced from the discovery of X-rays in 1895 by Wilhelm Röntgen. [118] Emil Grubbe of Chicago was possibly the first American physician to use X-rays to treat cancer, beginning in 1896. [119]
Cancer treatments are a wide range of treatments available for the many different types of cancer, with each cancer type needing its own specific treatment. [1] Treatments can include surgery, chemotherapy, radiation therapy, hormonal therapy, targeted therapy including small-molecule drugs or monoclonal antibodies, [2] and PARP inhibitors such as olaparib. [3]
Lasers are used to treat cancer in several different ways. Their high-intensity light can be used to shrink or destroy tumors or precancerous growths. Lasers are most commonly used to treat superficial cancers (cancers on the surface of the body or the lining of internal organs) such as basal-cell skin cancer and the very early stages of some cancers, such as cervical, penile, vaginal, vulvar ...
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Many African nations cannot afford to offer medicine for their citizens without subsidies from multinational pharmaceutical corporations. [4] To court these pharmaceutical corporations, some African nations minimize legal regulations on the conduct of medical research, which prevents potential legal battles from arising. [ 4 ]