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2. Checked and free vowels - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Checked_and_free_vowels

   The term checked vowel is also useful in the description of English spelling. [8] As free written vowels a, e, i, o, u correspond to the spoken vowels / eɪ /, / iː /, / aɪ /, / oʊ /, / uː /; as checked vowels a, e, i, o, u correspond to / æ /, / ɛ /, / ɪ /, / ɒ /, / ʊ /. In spelling free and checked vowels are often called long and ...

3. Vowel length - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vowel_length

   In linguistics, vowel length is the perceived length of a vowel sound: the corresponding physical measurement is duration.In some languages vowel length is an important phonemic factor, meaning vowel length can change the meaning of the word, for example in Arabic, Czech, Dravidian languages (such as Tamil), some Finno-Ugric languages (such as Finnish and Estonian), Japanese, Kyrgyz, Samoan ...

4. Silent e - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silent_e

   This can be seen in the vowels in word-pairs such as rid / r ɪ d / and ride / r aɪ d /, in which the presence of the final, unpronounced e appears to alter the sound of the preceding i . An example with consonants is the word-pair loath (loʊθ) and loathe (loʊð), where the e can be understood as a marker of a voiced th .

5. International Phonetic Alphabet chart - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Phonetic...

   Mid central vowel release ̽: Mid-centralized ̝ ˔ Raised ᶿ Voiceless dental fricative release ̩ ̍: Syllabic ̞ ˕ Lowered ˣ: Voiceless velar fricative release ̯ ̑: Non-syllabic ̘ ꭪ Advanced tongue root ʼ: Ejective ˞ Rhoticity ̙ ꭫ Retracted tongue root ͡ ͜ Affricate or double articulation

6. Length (phonetics) - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Length_(phonetics)

   For example, in some non-rhotic varieties of English the /t/ of the word party may be nearly elided, with just some breathy-voice remaining, in which case it may be transcribed [ˈpɑː̤ɪ]. [4] When both length and tone are moraic, a tone diacritic may appear twice, as in [sáː̀] (falling tone on a long vowel).

7. Syllabary - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syllabary

   In the linguistic study of written languages, a syllabary is a set of written symbols that represent the syllables or (more frequently) morae which make up words.. A symbol in a syllabary, called a syllabogram, typically represents an (optional) consonant sound (simple onset) followed by a vowel sound ()—that is, a CV (consonant+vowel) or V syllable—but other phonographic mappings, such as ...

8. SAMPA chart - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SAMPA_chart

   open-mid front rounded vowel: French neuf (hence '9'), German Hölle: 1: ɨ: close central unrounded vowel: Polish mysz @ ə: mid central vowel: English about, German bitte, Swedish beredd: 6: ɐ: near-open central unrounded vowel: German besser, Catalan mare: 3: ɜ: open-mid central unrounded vowel: English bird: a: a~ä: open front unrounded ...

9. Gemination - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gemination

   Consonant digraphs are used in English to indicate the preceding vowel is a short (lax) vowel, while a single letter often allows a long (tense) vowel to occur. For example, tapping /tæpɪŋ/ (from tap ) has a short a /æ/ , which is distinct from the diphthongal long a /eɪ/ in taping /teɪpɪŋ/ (from tape ).