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Color blindness may also present itself as a symptom of degenerative diseases of the eye, such as cataract and age-related macular degeneration, and as part of the retinal damage caused by diabetes. Vitamin A deficiency may also cause color blindness. [46] Color blindness may be a side effect of prescription drug use.
While holding a military position related to his field, he was given the task of creating a color blindness test. Ishihara studied existing tests and combined elements of the Stilling test, named after the German ophthalmologist Jakob Stilling , with the concept of pseudo-isochromaticism to produce an improved, more accurate and easier to use test.
An Ishihara test image as seen by subjects with normal color vision and by those with a variety of color deficiencies. A pseudoisochromatic plate (from Greek pseudo, meaning "false", iso, meaning "same" and chromo, meaning "color"), often abbreviated as PIP, is a style of standard exemplified by the Ishihara test, generally used for screening of color vision defects.
Blue cone monochromacy (BCM) is an inherited eye disease that causes severe color blindness, poor visual acuity, nystagmus, hemeralopia, and photophobia due to the absence of functional red (L) and green (M) cone photoreceptor cells in the retina. BCM is a recessive X-linked disease and almost exclusively affects XY karyotypes.
Congenital red-green color blindness, the genetic condition that causes the most cases of color blindness. Dichromacy, a type of color vision possessed by most mammals; partial color blindness when in humans. Monochromacy, a lack of color vision; total color blindness when in humans. Achromatopsia, a syndrome that includes total color blindness.
Males are more likely to inherit red–green color blindness than females, because the genes for the relevant opsins are on the X chromosome. [1] Screening for congenital red–green color blindness is typically performed with the Ishihara or similar color vision test. [1] It is a lifelong condition, and has no known cure or treatment. [1]
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Achromatopsia, also known as rod monochromacy, is a medical syndrome that exhibits symptoms relating to five conditions, most notably monochromacy.Historically, the name referred to monochromacy in general, but now typically refers only to an autosomal recessive congenital color vision condition.