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  2. Euler's formula - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euler's_formula

    Euler's formula is ubiquitous in mathematics, physics, chemistry, and engineering. The physicist Richard Feynman called the equation "our jewel" and "the most remarkable formula in mathematics". [2] When x = π, Euler's formula may be rewritten as e iπ + 1 = 0 or e iπ = −1, which is known as Euler's identity.

  3. List of logarithmic identities - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_logarithmic_identities

    It helps to flatten out the discrepancies that might otherwise lead to divergent behavior in a straightforward harmonic series. Note that the structure of the summands of this formula matches those of the interpolated harmonic number when both the domain and range are negated (i.e., ). However, the interpretation and roles of the variables differ.

  4. Euler's identity - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euler's_identity

    Euler's formula for a general angle. Euler's identity is a special case of Euler's formula, which states that for any real number x, = ⁡ + ⁡ where the inputs of the trigonometric functions sine and cosine are given in radians. In particular, when x = π,

  5. Natural logarithm - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_logarithm

    The natural logarithm of e itself, ln e, is 1, because e 1 = e, while the natural logarithm of 1 is 0, since e 0 = 1. The natural logarithm can be defined for any positive real number a as the area under the curve y = 1/x from 1 to a [4] (with the area being negative when 0 < a < 1). The simplicity of this definition, which is matched in many ...

  6. Euler's constant - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euler's_constant

    The area of the blue region converges to Euler's constant. Euler's constant (sometimes called the Euler–Mascheroni constant) is a mathematical constant, usually denoted by the lowercase Greek letter gamma (γ), defined as the limiting difference between the harmonic series and the natural logarithm, denoted here by log:

  7. List of equations in classical mechanics - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_equations_in...

    Classical mechanics is the branch of physics used to describe the motion of macroscopic objects. [1] It is the most familiar of the theories of physics. The concepts it covers, such as mass, acceleration, and force, are commonly used and known. [2]

  8. Characterizations of the exponential function - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Characterizations_of_the...

    Define e x as the value of the infinite series = =! = + +! +! +! + (Here n! denotes the factorial of n. One proof that e is irrational uses a special case of this formula.) Inverse of logarithm integral.

  9. List of trigonometric identities - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_trigonometric...

    A formula for computing the trigonometric identities for the one-third angle exists, but it requires finding the zeroes of the cubic equation 4x 3 − 3x + d = 0, where is the value of the cosine function at the one-third angle and d is the known value of the cosine function at the full angle.