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That said, Venus and Earth still have the lowest gravitational potential difference between them than to any other planet, needing the lowest delta-v to transfer between them, than to any other planet from them. [12] [13] The distance between Venus and Mercury will become smaller over time primarily because of Mercury's increasing eccentricity.
When Venus lies between Earth and the Sun in inferior conjunction, it makes the closest approach to Earth of any planet at an average distance of 41 million km (25 million mi). [4] [note 3] [172] Because of the decreasing eccentricity of Earth's orbit, the minimum distances will become greater over tens of thousands of years.
The Mission Profile presented in 1956 consisted of a 154-day travel from Earth to Mars, followed by a 113-day travel to Venus including passing by the planet and using the gravitational attraction for a course correction, followed by the 98-day return to Earth. [5] Crocco proposed the first Mission to be launched in June 1971.
After waiting for most of the day, he eventually saw the transit when clouds obscuring the Sun cleared at about 15:15, half an hour before sunset. His observations allowed him to make a well-informed guess for the diameter of Venus and an estimate of the mean distance between the Earth and the Sun (59.4 million mi (95.6 million km; 0.639 AU)).
The smaller the solar parallax, the greater the distance between the Sun and Earth: a solar parallax of 15″ is equivalent to an Earth–Sun distance of 13 750 Earth radii. Christiaan Huygens believed that the distance was even greater: by comparing the apparent sizes of Venus and Mars , he estimated a value of about 24 000 Earth radii, [ 35 ...
At the top of the clouds, the wind speed on Venus reaches up to 95 m/s (340 km/h; 210 mph), circling the planet approximately every four Earth days in a phenomenon known as "super-rotation". [13] Compared to the Venusian solar day of 118 Earth days, colonies freely floating in this region could therefore have a much shorter day-night cycle.
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The distance traveled, under constant proper acceleration, from the point of view of Earth as a function of the traveler's time is expressed by the coordinate distance x as a function of proper time τ at constant proper acceleration a. It is given by: [8] [9]