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Speech is the subject of study for linguistics, cognitive science, communication studies, psychology, computer science, speech pathology, otolaryngology, and acoustics. Speech compares with written language, [1] which may differ in its vocabulary, syntax, and phonetics from the spoken language, a situation called diglossia.
A figure of speech or rhetorical figure is a word or phrase that intentionally deviates from straightforward language use or literal meaning to produce a rhetorical or intensified effect (emotionally, aesthetically, intellectually, etc.). [1] [2] In the distinction between literal and figurative language, figures of
On the other hand, figurative use of language (a later offshoot being the term figure of speech [citation needed]) is the use of words or phrases with a meaning that does make literal sense but that encourages certain mental associations or reflects a certain type of truth, [7] perhaps a more artistically presented one.
However, when the speaker varies their speech intentionally, for example to indicate sarcasm, this usually involves the use of prosodic features. The most useful prosodic feature in detecting sarcasm is a reduction in the mean fundamental frequency relative to other speech for humor, neutrality, or sincerity.
The category of articles constitutes a part of speech. In English , both "the" and "a(n)" are articles, which combine with nouns to form noun phrases. Articles typically specify the grammatical definiteness of the noun phrase, but in many languages, they carry additional grammatical information such as gender , number , and case .
Aristotle, in The Poetics (20), defines the parts of diction [7] as the letter, the syllable, the conjunction, the article, the noun, the verb, the case, and the speech , [8] though one commentator remarks that "the text is so confused and some of the words have such a variety of meanings that one cannot always be certain what the Greek says ...
During the 20-minute speech, Butker, who is Catholic himself, said he intended to say the "difficult stuff out loud." In his own words, he has "gained quite the reputation for speaking my mind."
However, Aristotle argued that speech can be used to classify, study, and interpret speeches and as a useful skill. Aristotle believed that this technique was an art, and that persuasive speech could have truth and logic embedded within it. In the end, rhetoric speech still remained popular and was used by many scholars and philosophers. [24]