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In a social and political context, the Kural text glorifies valour and victory during war and recommends a death sentence for the wicked only as a means of justice. [18] [163] [164] According to Kaushik Roy, the Kural text in substance is a classic on realism and pragmatism, and it is not a mystic, purely philosophical document. [147]
Veṇpā is a closely related family of very strict [6] Tamil verse forms. They differ chiefly in the number of standard lines that occur before the final short line. In kuṟaḷ-veṇpā (or simply "kural") a single 4-foot ("standard") line is followed by a final 3-foot ("short") line, resulting in a 7-foot couplet. [7]
While Gover translated only select couplets, Robinson translated the first two books of the Kural text. The first complete verse translation in English and the first complete English translation by a single author was achieved in 1886 by George Uglow Pope , whose work brought the Tirukkural to a wider audience of the western world .
The Kural text, considered to have been written in the 1st century BCE, [2] remained unknown to the outside world for close to one and a half millennia. The first translation of the Kural text appeared in Malayalam in 1595 CE under the title Tirukkural Bhasha by an unknown author.
The first Urdu translation of the Kural text was by Hazrat Suhrawardy, a professor of Urdu Department of Jamal Mohammad College, Tiruchirappalli. [1] It was published by Sahitya Academy in 1965, with a reprint in 1994. The translation is in prose and is not a direct translation from Tamil but based on English translations of the original.
Avvaiyar was the court poet of the Chola monarch and was a contemporary of Kambar and Ottakkuttar. [5] She found great happiness in the life of small children. Her works, Ātticcūṭi and Konraiventhan, written for young children, are even now generally read and enjoyed by them.
The first Malayalam translation of the Kural text, and the very first translation of the Kural text into any language, appeared in 1595. [2] Written by an unknown author, it was titled Tirukkural Bhasha and was a prose rendering of the entire Kural, written closely to the spoken Malayalam of that time. [3]
"The Kural's sentences are as binding as the Ten Commandments on the Jews. Kural is as important and influential on the Tamil mind as Dante's great work on the language and thought of Italy." [8] (Charles E. Gover, English folklorist, d. 1872) "No translation can convey any idea of its charming effect. It is truly an apple of gold in a network ...