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In a social and political context, the Kural text glorifies valour and victory during war and recommends a death sentence for the wicked only as a means of justice. [18] [163] [164] According to Kaushik Roy, the Kural text in substance is a classic on realism and pragmatism, and it is not a mystic, purely philosophical document. [147]
Veṇpā is a closely related family of very strict [6] Tamil verse forms. They differ chiefly in the number of standard lines that occur before the final short line. In kuṟaḷ-veṇpā (or simply "kural") a single 4-foot ("standard") line is followed by a final 3-foot ("short") line, resulting in a 7-foot couplet. [7]
The Kural text has enjoyed a universal appeal right from antiquity owing to its secular and non-denominational nature that it suited the sensibilities of all. [4] The universality is such that, despite its having been written in the pre-Christian era, almost every religious group in India and across the world, including Christianity, has ...
Some sources claim that a second translation was that by Muhammad Yousuf Kokan in 1976. However, it is the first Arabic translation of the Kural text. [3] In 2022, as part of its Ancient Tamil Classics in Translations series, the Central Institute of Classical Tamil (CICT) in Chennai released its Urdu translation of the Kural by M. B. Amanulla.
While Gover translated only select couplets, Robinson translated the first two books of the Kural text. The first complete verse translation in English and the first complete English translation by a single author was achieved in 1886 by George Uglow Pope , whose work brought the Tirukkural to a wider audience of the western world .
In 2009, Red Hen Press published a selection of Avvaiyar's poetry from the twelfth century, entitled Give, Eat, and Live: Poems by Avviyar. The poems were selected and translated into English by Thomas Pruiksma, [6] a poet and translator who discovered Avviyar's work while on a Fulbright scholarship at The American College in Madurai, Tamil ...
The word Kural actually means "couplet" and not "verse". The second Arabic translation, and the first by a native speaker, was completed by Amar Hasan from Syria in 2015. [1] The work is not a literal translation and maintains the original verse form completed in full for all the 1330 couplets of the Kural text.
Of the three books of the Kural text, the Book of Aṟam remains the most translated one by scholars and writers and also the most widely interpreted one. [41] Serving as a manual of precepts to exclusively teach dharma for millennia, [ 2 ] the Book of Aṟam has influenced many of its readers to pursue the path of non-violence.