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The spectral test is a statistical test for the quality of a class of pseudorandom number generators (PRNGs), the linear congruential generators (LCGs). [1] LCGs have a property that when plotted in 2 or more dimensions, lines or hyperplanes will form, on which all possible outputs can be found. [ 2 ]
For Monte Carlo simulations, an LCG must use a modulus greater and preferably much greater than the cube of the number of random samples which are required. This means, for example, that a (good) 32-bit LCG can be used to obtain about a thousand random numbers; a 64-bit LCG is good for about 2 21 random samples (a little over two million), etc ...
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Spectral lines of the chemical elements; Z Element Symbol Spectral lines (file) 1 hydrogen H: File:Hydrogen spectrum visible.png: 2 helium He: File:Helium spectrum visible.png: 3 lithium Li: File:Lithium spectrum visible.png: 4 beryllium Be: File:Beryllium spectrum visible.png: 5 boron B: File:Boron spectrum visible.png: 6 carbon C: File:Carbon ...
The spectrometer uses a prism or a grating to spread the light into a spectrum. This allows astronomers to detect many of the chemical elements by their characteristic spectral lines. These lines are named for the elements which cause them, such as the hydrogen alpha, beta, and gamma lines. A glowing object will show bright spectral lines.
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Least-squares spectral analysis (LSSA) is a method of estimating a frequency spectrum based on a least-squares fit of sinusoids to data samples, similar to Fourier analysis. [ 1 ] [ 2 ] Fourier analysis, the most used spectral method in science, generally boosts long-periodic noise in the long and gapped records; LSSA mitigates such problems. [ 3 ]
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