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Long recoil operation is found primarily in shotguns, particularly ones based on John Browning's Auto-5 action. In 1885 a locked breech, long recoil action was patented by the Britons Schlund and Arthur. [9] In a long recoil action, the barrel and bolt remain locked together during recoil, compressing the recoil springs.
Illustration of forces in muzzle rise. Projectile and propellant gases act on barrel along barrel centerline A. Forces are resisted by shooter contact with gun at grips and stock B. Height difference between barrel centerline and average point of contact is height C. Forces A and B operating over moment arm / height C create torque or moment D, which rotates the firearm's muzzle up as ...
The nature of the recoil process is determined by the force of the expanding gases in the barrel upon the gun (recoil force), which is equal and opposite to the force upon the ejecta. It is also determined by the counter-recoil force applied to the gun (e.g. an operator's hand or shoulder, or a mount).
The Auto-5 has a system of bevel rings and a friction piece or pieces, which retard the barrel's rearward travel. Setting these rings correctly is vital to good shotgun performance and to ensure a long life to the weapon, by controlling excessive recoil. The friction rings are set based on the type of load to be fired through the gun.
The usual recoil system in modern quick-firing guns is the hydro-pneumatic recoil system. In this system, the barrel is mounted on rails on which it can recoil to the rear, and the recoil is taken up by a cylinder which is similar in operation to an automotive gas-charged shock absorber, and is commonly visible as a cylinder mounted parallel to ...
The change from one barrel to the other may be done by a clockwork type system, where a cam alternates between barrels, or by an inertial system where the recoil of firing the first barrel toggles the trigger to the next barrel. A double-barreled shotgun with an inertial trigger works best with full power shotshells; shooting low recoil ...
The Winchester Model 1200 pump action shotgun employs a rotating bolt in a bolt carrier (slide) rather than the tilting breechblock used in the Model 12. [10] The Model 1200 was the second shotgun design to utilize a rotating bolt; the Armalite AR-17 being the first. [6] The bolt locks directly into the barrel and has four locking lugs.
The minimum barrel length for shotguns in most of the U.S. is 18 inches (460 mm), and this barrel length (sometimes 18.5–20 in (470–510 mm) to increase magazine capacity and/or ensure the gun is legal regardless of measuring differences [3]) is the primary choice for riot shotguns. The shorter barrel makes the weapon easier to maneuver ...