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Tube-nosed fruit bats such as the eastern tube-nosed bat (Nyctimene robinsoni) have stereo olfaction, meaning they are able to map and follow odor plumes three-dimensionally. [68] Along with most (or perhaps all) other bat species, megabats mothers and offspring also use scent to recognize each other, as well as for recognition of individuals. [67]
Pteropus (suborder Yinpterochiroptera) is a genus of megabats which are among the largest bats in the world. They are commonly known as fruit bats or flying foxes, among other colloquial names. They live in South Asia, Southeast Asia, Australia, East Africa, and some oceanic islands in the Indian and Pacific Oceans. [3]
The advanced brain characters demonstrated in Pteropus could not, therefore, be generalized to imply that all bats are similar to primates. More recently, the flying primate hypothesis was soundly rejected when scientists compared the DNA of bats to that of primates. These genetic studies support the monophyly of bats. [4] [5] [6] [7]
The most recent common ancestor of Yinpterochiroptera, corresponding to the split between Rhinolophoidea and Pteropodidae (Old World Fruit bats), is estimated to have occurred 60 million years ago. [4] The first appearance of the term Yinpterochiroptera was in 2001, in an article by Mark Springer and colleagues. [5]
It is among the heaviest of all bat species, with individuals weighing up to 1.40 kg (3.1 lb). The only bat species known to weigh more than the giant golden-crowned flying fox are the Indian flying fox (Pteropus medius) and great flying fox (Pteropus neohibernicus), with a maximum weight of 1.6 kg (3.5 lb) and 1.45 kg (3.2 lb) respectively.
The hammer-headed bat is the largest bat in mainland Africa. [12] Males have wingspans up to 90.1 cm (2.96 ft), [ 13 ] and all individuals have forearm lengths exceeding 112 mm (4.4 in). [ 12 ] It has pronounced sexual dimorphism , more so than any other bat species in the world, [ 12 ] with males up to twice as heavy as females.
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Bats have been traditionally thought to be a monophyletic group; according to this model, all living fruit bats and microbats (Microchiroptera) are descendants of a common ancestor species that was already capable of flight.