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UL 94, the Standard for Safety of Flammability of Plastic Materials for Parts in Devices and Appliances testing, is a plastics flammability standard released by Underwriters Laboratories of the United States. [1] The standard determines the material's tendency to either extinguish or spread the flame once the specimen has been ignited.
The UL enterprise [4] is a global private safety company headquartered in Northbrook, Illinois, composed of three organizations, UL Research Institutes, UL Standards & Engagement and UL Solutions. Established in 1894, the UL enterprise was founded as the Underwriters' Electrical Bureau (a bureau of the National Board of Fire Underwriters ), [ 5 ...
Flame spread, or surface burning characteristics rating, [1] is a ranking derived by laboratory standard test methodology of a material's propensity to burn rapidly and spread flames. There are several standardized methods of determining flame spread,
Test standards used to make this determination but are not limited to the following: Underwriters Laboratories UL 94 Flammability Testing; International Electrotechnical Commission IEC 60707, 60695-11-10 and 60695-11-20; International Organization for Standardization ISO 9772 and 9773.
Certification listings are issued by organizations that are usually nationally accredited for doing both testing and product certification work, in accordance with nationally accredited standards. Such organizations include Underwriters Laboratories , FM Global , or the Deutsches Institut für Bautechnik (DIBt).
UL 1709 Rapid Rise Fire Tests of Protection Materials for Structural Steel; UL 2085 Protected Aboveground Tanks for Flammable and Combustible Liquids; EN 16034 Pedestrian doorsets, industrial, commercial, garage doors and openable windows – Product standard, performance characteristics – Fire resisting and/or smoke control characteristics
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Which materials fall into the "FR-4" category is defined in the NEMA LI 1-1998 standard. Typical physical and electrical properties of FR-4 are as follows. The abbreviations LW (lengthwise, warp yarn direction) and CW (crosswise, fill yarn direction) refer to the conventional perpendicular fiber orientations in the XY plane of the board (in-plane).