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A castellan, or constable, was the governor of a castle in medieval Europe. Its surrounding territory was referred to as the castellany. Its surrounding territory was referred to as the castellany. The word stems from castellanus . [ 1 ]
The estates of the realm, or three estates, were the broad orders of social hierarchy used in Christendom (Christian Europe) from the Middle Ages to early modern Europe. Different systems for dividing society members into estates developed and evolved over time. [1] [2]
Casta paintings produced largely in 18th-century Mexico have influenced modern understandings of race in Spanish America, a concept which began infiltrating Bourbon Spain from France and Northern Europe during this time. They purport to show a fixed "system" of racial hierarchy which has been disputed by modern academia.
Modern India's caste system is based on the superimposition of an old four-fold theoretical classification called varna on the social ethnic grouping called jāti. The Vedic period conceptualised a society as consisting of four types of varnas, or categories: Brahmin, Kshatriya, Vaishya and Shudra, according to the nature of the work of its ...
Samurai, the hereditary military nobility and officer caste of medieval and early-modern Japan. Jizamurai, (samurai of the land) lower-ranking provincial samurai and petty nobility. The term was rather broad and could also refer to non-noble independent peasant landowners.
In early modern Europe, particularly in Germany, a court Jew (German: Hofjude, Yiddish: הויף איד, romanized: hoyf id) or court factor (German: Hoffaktor, Yiddish: קאַורט פאַקטאַר, romanized: kourt faktor) was a Jewish banker who handled the finances of, or lent money to, royalty and nobility.
The study of state formation is divided generally into the study of ancient state formation (those that developed in stateless societies), medieval or early modern state formation, and the study of modern state formation (particularly of the form that developed in Europe in the 17th century and spread around the world).
[10] [11] Kayasthas, along with Brahmins, had access to formal education as well as their own system of teaching administration, including accountancy, in the early-medieval India. [12] Modern scholars list them among Indian communities that were traditionally described as "urban-oriented", "upper caste" and part of the "well-educated" pan ...