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The Standard Model of elementary particles, with the gauge bosons in the fourth column in red. In particle physics, a gauge boson is a bosonic elementary particle that acts as the force carrier for elementary fermions.
The gauge bosons are defined as force carriers, as they are responsible for mediating the fundamental interactions. The Standard Model explains the four fundamental forces as arising from the interactions, with fermions exchanging virtual force carrier particles, thus mediating the forces.
The theory is commonly viewed as describing the fundamental set of particles – the leptons, quarks, gauge bosons and the Higgs boson. The Standard Model is renormalizable and mathematically self-consistent; [1] however, despite having huge and continued successes in providing experimental predictions, it does leave some unexplained phenomena. [2]
Quantum electrodynamics is an abelian gauge theory with the symmetry group U(1) and has one gauge field, the electromagnetic four-potential, with the photon being the gauge boson. The Standard Model is a non-abelian gauge theory with the symmetry group U(1) × SU(2) × SU(3) and has a total of twelve gauge bosons: the photon, three weak bosons ...
According to the Standard Model of Particle Physics there are five elementary bosons: One scalar boson (spin = 0) H 0 Higgs boson – the particle that contributes to the phenomenon of mass via the Higgs mechanism; Four vector bosons (spin = 1) that act as force carriers. These are the gauge bosons: γ Photon – the force carrier of the ...
These then give rise to the gauge bosons that mediate the electroweak interactions – the three W bosons of weak isospin (W 1, W 2, and W 3), and the B boson of weak hypercharge, respectively, all of which are "initially" massless.
In the Standard Model, vector (spin-1) bosons (gluons, photons, and the W and Z bosons) mediate forces, whereas the Higgs boson (spin-0) is responsible for the intrinsic mass of particles. Bosons differ from fermions in the fact that multiple bosons can occupy the same quantum state (Pauli exclusion principle).
Bosons are one of the two fundamental particles having integral spinclasses of particles, the other being fermions. Bosons are characterized by Bose–Einstein statistics and all have integer spins. Bosons may be either elementary, like photons and gluons, or composite, like mesons. According to the Standard Model, the elementary bosons are: