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The Tsardom of Russia, [a] also known as the Tsardom of Moscow, [b] was the centralized Russian state from the assumption of the title of tsar by Ivan IV in 1547 until the foundation of the Russian Empire by Peter the Great in 1721. From 1550 to 1700, Russia grew by an average of 35,000 square kilometres (14,000 sq mi) per year. [11]
In 1855, Alexander II began his reign as Tsar of Russia and presided over a period of political and social reform, notably the emancipation of serfs in 1861 and the lifting of censorship. His successor Alexander III (r. 1881–1894) pursued a policy of repression and restricted public expenditure, but continued land and labour reforms.
[1] [2] In the aftermath, GDP per capita was volatile and did not substantially increase. [1] [2] Steady economic growth began in the 1890s, alongside a structural transformation of the Russian economy. [1] By the time World War I started, more than half the Russian economy was still devoted to agriculture.
Before the liberation of the serfs in 1861, Russia's economy mainly depended on agriculture. [139] By the census of 1897, 95% of the Russian population lived in the countryside. [140] Nicholas I attempted to modernise his country, and have it not been so dependent on a single economic sector. [141] During the reign of Alexander III, many ...
Russian imperialism is the political, economic and cultural influence, as well as military power, exerted by Russia and its predecessor states, over other countries and territories. It includes the conquests of the Tsardom of Russia , the Russian Empire , the imperialism of the Soviet Union , and the neo-imperialism of the Russian Federation.
The Millennium of Russia monument in Veliky Novgorod (unveiled on 8 September 1862). The history of Russia begins with the histories of the East Slavs. [1] [2] The traditional start date of specifically Russian history is the establishment of the Rus' state in the north in the year 862, ruled by Varangians.
The formal end to Tatar rule over Russia was the defeat of the Tatars at the Great Stand on the Ugra River in 1480. Ivan III (r. 1462–1505) and Vasili III (r. 1505–1533) had consolidated the centralized Russian state following the annexations of the Novgorod Republic in 1478, Tver in 1485, the Pskov Republic in 1510, Volokolamsk in 1513, Ryazan in 1521, and Novgorod-Seversk in 1522.
The economic leap which took part in the economic reform of Peter the Great would show a significant development for Russia, yet also consequences for the industrialisation of the Soviet Union. [ 4 ] The first 10 years of the 18th century can be seen as the period of active state involvement in supporting private enterprises and the economy as ...