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Fire making, fire lighting or fire craft is the process of artificially starting a fire. It requires completing the fire triangle , usually by heating tinder above its autoignition temperature . Fire is an essential tool for human survival and the use of fire was important in early human cultural history since the Lower Paleolithic .
The first successful friction match was invented in 1826 by John Walker, an English chemist and druggist from Stockton-on-Tees, County Durham. He developed a keen interest in trying to find a means of obtaining fire easily.
A fire drill, sometimes called fire-stick, is a device to start a fire by friction between a rapidly rotating wooden rod (the spindle or shaft) and a cavity on a stationary wood piece (the hearth or fireboard). [1] [2] [3]
Fluid friction describes the friction between layers of a viscous fluid that are moving relative to each other. [7] [8] Lubricated friction is a case of fluid friction where a lubricant fluid separates two solid surfaces. [9] [10] [11] Skin friction is a component of drag, the force resisting the motion of a fluid across the surface of a body.
Flammable solids are solids that are readily combustible, or may cause or contribute to fire through friction. Readily combustible solids are powdered , granular, or pasty substances that easily ignite by brief contact with an ignition source, such as a burning match, and spread flame rapidly. [ 6 ]
From the Iron Age forward, until the invention of the friction match in the early 1800s by John Walker, the use of flint and steel was a common method of fire lighting. Percussion fire-starting was prevalent in Europe during ancient times, the Middle Ages and the Viking Age. [3] [6]
The ability to make fire, generally with a friction device with hardwood rubbing against softwood (as in a bow drill), was a later development. [ 13 ] Each of these stages could occur at different intensities, ranging from occasional or " opportunistic " to "habitual" to "obligate" (unable to survive without it).
Fire is the rapid oxidation of a material (the fuel) in the exothermic chemical process of combustion, releasing heat, light, and various reaction products. [1] [a] At a certain point in the combustion reaction, called the ignition point, flames are produced.