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Theophylline, also known as 1,3-dimethylxanthine, is a drug that inhibits phosphodiesterase and blocks adenosine receptors. [1] It is used to treat chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and asthma . [ 2 ]
Theophylline is a non-selective adenosine receptor antagonist. It is also an anti-asthmatic agent and a demethylated metabolite of caffeine. Small open-label trials suggest that theophylline has anti-parkinsonian benefit but a double-blind, placebo-controlled trial did not clearly establish relief from symptoms. [3]
Theophylline has also been marketed in combination with other ephedrine-like sympathomimetics like racephedrine and pseudoephedrine and with other barbiturates such as amobarbital and butabarbital, among other drugs. [15] A combination of theophylline, ephedrine, and hydroxyzine has been marketed under the brand name Marax among others as well.
More preferred in regular treatment; Very long duration of action (12–24 hours) Huge improvement in lung function and symptoms; Risk of exacerbation greatly lowered → LAMA more prominent than LABA; Provided in inhalers → techniques for usage is important for management of COPD [31] Caution [28]
The combination of theophylline and ephedrine was first used in the 1940s as a treatment for asthma, and the addition of a barbiturate such as pentobarbital or phenobarbital was later added to enhance the sedative effects of the medication and improve patient compliance. [27]
These options are chosen because they are considered safer in pregnancy and have a relatively broad spectrum of activity. Typically, an antimicrobial course of five to seven days is given. This duration is chosen to minimize fetal exposure to antimicrobials while ensuring optimal treatment outcomes. [31]
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Zileuton (trade name Zyflo) is an orally active inhibitor of 5-lipoxygenase, and thus inhibits leukotrienes (LTB 4, LTC 4, LTD 4, and LTE 4) formation, used for the maintenance treatment of asthma. Zileuton was introduced in 1996 by Abbott Laboratories and is now marketed in two formulations by Cornerstone Therapeutics Inc. under the brand ...