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Theophylline, also known as 1,3-dimethylxanthine, is a drug that inhibits phosphodiesterase and blocks adenosine receptors. [1] It is used to treat chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and asthma . [ 2 ]
A 2A receptor antagonists may prevent hepatic cirrhosis, and pentoxifylline may inhibit phosphodiesterase and provide renal protection. [6]The A 2A receptor antagonists may be used for treatment of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (), because of the receptors ability to regulate neurotransmission in the basal ganglia and cortex, particularly dopaminergic and glutamatergic signaling.
Theophylline has also been marketed in combination with other ephedrine-like sympathomimetics like racephedrine and pseudoephedrine and with other barbiturates such as amobarbital and butabarbital, among other drugs. [15] A combination of theophylline, ephedrine, and hydroxyzine has been marketed under the brand name Marax among others as well.
The combination of theophylline and ephedrine was first used in the 1940s as a treatment for asthma, and the addition of a barbiturate such as pentobarbital or phenobarbital was later added to enhance the sedative effects of the medication and improve patient compliance. [27]
More preferred in regular treatment; Very long duration of action (12–24 hours) Huge improvement in lung function and symptoms; Risk of exacerbation greatly lowered → LAMA more prominent than LABA; Provided in inhalers → techniques for usage is important for management of COPD [31] Caution [28]
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LABAs are designed to reduce the need for shorter-acting β 2 agonists such as salbutamol (albuterol), as they have an approximately twelve-hour duration of action, compared to about five hours for salbutamol, making them candidates for sparing high doses of corticosteroids [citation needed] or treating nocturnal asthma and providing ...
Zileuton (trade name Zyflo) is an orally active inhibitor of 5-lipoxygenase, and thus inhibits leukotrienes (LTB 4, LTC 4, LTD 4, and LTE 4) formation, used for the maintenance treatment of asthma. Zileuton was introduced in 1996 by Abbott Laboratories and is now marketed in two formulations by Cornerstone Therapeutics Inc. under the brand ...