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  2. Bitumen - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bitumen

    Cold-mixed asphalt can also be made from bitumen emulsion to create pavements similar to hot-mixed asphalt, several inches in depth, and bitumen emulsions are also blended into recycled hot-mix asphalt to create low-cost pavements. Bitumen emulsion based techniques are known to be useful for all classes of roads, their use may also be possible ...

  3. Oil sands - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oil_sands

    Bitumen froth treatment is a process used in the Athabasca oil sands (AOS) bitumen recovery operations to remove fine inorganics—water and mineral particles—from bitumen froth, by diluting the bitumen with a light hydrocarbon solvent—either naphthenic or paraffinic—to reduce the viscosity of the froth and to remove contaminants that ...

  4. Athabasca oil sands - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Athabasca_oil_sands

    The NEB estimates that capital costs raise the total cost of production to CA$18 to CA$20 per barrel for a new mining operation and CA$18 to CA$22 per barrel for a SAGD operation. This does not include the cost of upgrading the crude bitumen to synthetic crude oil, which makes the final costs CA$36 to CA$40 per barrel for a new mining operation.

  5. Upgrader - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Upgrader

    An upgrader is a facility that upgrades bitumen (extra ... Research into using biotechnology to perform some of these processes at lower temperatures and cost is ...

  6. Western Canadian Select - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Canadian_Select

    Western Canadian Select (WCS) is a heavy sour blend of crude oil [1] that is one of North America's largest heavy crude oil streams [2] and, historically, its cheapest. [3] It was established in December 2004 as a new heavy oil stream by EnCana (now Cenovus), Canadian Natural Resources, Petro-Canada (now Suncor) and Talisman Energy (now Repsol Oil & Gas Canada). [4]

  7. Asphalt concrete - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asphalt_concrete

    Asphalt batch mix plant A machine laying asphalt concrete, fed from a dump truck. Asphalt concrete (commonly called asphalt, [1] blacktop, or pavement in North America, and tarmac or bitumen macadam in the United Kingdom and the Republic of Ireland) is a composite material commonly used to surface roads, parking lots, airports, and the core of embankment dams. [2]

  8. Dilbit - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dilbit

    Diluting bitumen makes it much easier to transport, for example in pipelines. Per the Alberta Oil Sands Bitumen Valuation Methodology, "Dilbit Blends" means "Blends made from heavy crudes and/or bitumens and a diluent , usually natural-gas condensate, for the purpose of meeting pipeline viscosity and density specifications, where the density of ...

  9. Heavy crude oil - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heavy_crude_oil

    Bitumen is the heaviest, thickest form of petroleum. [9] According to the U.S. Geological Survey, bitumen is further distinguished as extra-heavy oil with a higher viscosity (i.e., resistance to flow): "Natural bitumen, also called tar sands or oil sands, shares the attributes of heavy oil but is yet more dense and viscous. Natural bitumen is ...

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