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Peripheral artery disease (PAD) is a form of peripheral vascular disease. Vascular refers to both the arteries and veins within the body. PAD differs from peripheral veinous disease. PAD means the arteries are narrowed or blocked—the vessels that carry oxygen-rich blood as it moves away from the heart to other parts of the body.
Ankle-brachial pressure index (ABPI) assesses peripheral vascular disease. It may however be unreliable in patients with calcified arteries in the calf (often diabetic patients) or those with extensive oedema, in which case toe pressure or Toe-brachial pressure index (TBPI) should be measured to aid in the diagnosis.
Critical limb ischemia is diagnosed by the presence of ischemic rest pain, and an ulcers that will not heal or gangrene due to insufficient blood flow. [3] Insufficient blood flow may be confirmed by ankle-brachial index (ABI), ankle pressure, toe-brachial index (TBI), toe systolic pressure, transcutaneous oxygen measurement (TcpO2 ), or skin perfusion pressure (SPP).
Prolonged capillary refill time may also suggest peripheral artery disease. [4] It is generally accepted that the test is affected by many different external factors and therefore should not be relied upon as a universal diagnostic measure. [3]
Hypomagnesemia is relatively straightforward to diagnose, as it is characterized by a low serum magnesium level below 1.5 to 1.8 mg/dL [milligrams per deciliter].
A 71-year-old diabetic male smoker with severe peripheral arterial disease presented with a dorsal foot ulceration (2.5 cm X 2.4cm) that had been chronically open for nearly 2 years. Arterial insufficiency ulcers (also known as ischemic ulcers , or ischemic wounds ) are mostly located on the lateral surface of the ankle or the distal digits. [ 1 ]
Buerger's test is performed in an assessment of arterial sufficiency. It is named after Leo Buerger . The vascular angle , which is also called Buerger's angle , is the angle to which the leg has to be raised before it becomes pale, whilst lying down .
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