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Costochondritis, also known as chest wall pain syndrome or costosternal syndrome, is a benign inflammation of the upper costochondral (rib to cartilage) and sternocostal (cartilage to sternum) joints. 90% of patients are affected in multiple ribs on a single side, typically at the 2nd to 5th ribs. [1]
The condition is characterized by tenderness and painful swelling of the anterior (front) chest wall at the costochondral (rib to cartilage), sternocostal (cartilage to sternum), or sternoclavicular (clavicle to sternum) junctions. Tietze syndrome affects the true ribs and has a predilection for the 2nd and 3rd ribs, commonly affecting only a ...
The clinical examination of the skin is used to diagnose and distinguish between the various forms of pityriasis lichenoides. For pityriasis lichenoides, a skin biopsy followed by a histopathologic examination is a confirmatory procedure.
The sternum (pl.: sternums or sterna) or breastbone is a long flat bone located in the central part of the chest.It connects to the ribs via cartilage and forms the front of the rib cage, thus helping to protect the heart, lungs, and major blood vessels from injury.
Of nonmelanoma skin cancers, about 80% are basal-cell cancers and 20% squamous-cell skin cancers. [14] Basal-cell and squamous-cell skin cancers rarely result in death. [6] In the United States, they were the cause of less than 0.1% of all cancer deaths. [1] Globally in 2012, melanoma occurred in 232,000 people and resulted in 55,000 deaths. [6]
Entry to the body cavity for the Norwood procedure is gained by a vertical incision above the sternum. Separation of the sternum is necessary. This surgery is complex and may vary slightly depending on the diagnosis and overall condition of the heart. The surgery on the heart can be divided into two main steps. [19]
A study examining over 4,000 biopsied skin lesions identified clinically as seborrheic keratoses showed 3.1% were malignancies. Two-thirds of those were squamous cell carcinoma. [11] To date, the gold standard in the diagnosis of seborrheic keratosis is represented by the histolopathologic analysis of a skin biopsy. [12]
Because the heart is located behind the sternum, and because individuals with pectus excavatum have been shown to have visible deformities of the heart seen both on radiological imaging and after autopsies, it has been hypothesized that there is impairment of the function of the cardiovascular system in individuals with pectus excavatum.