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  2. Analytical chemistry - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Analytical_chemistry

    The first instrumental analysis was flame emissive spectrometry developed by Robert Bunsen and Gustav Kirchhoff who discovered rubidium (Rb) and caesium (Cs) in 1860. [4] Most of the major developments in analytical chemistry took place after 1900. During this period, instrumental analysis became progressively dominant in the field.

  3. Instrumental chemistry - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Instrumental_chemistry

    [1] [2] These methods can be categorized according to which aspects of the cell are controlled and which are measured. The three main categories are potentiometry (the difference in electrode potentials is measured), coulometry (the cell's current is measured over time), and voltammetry (the cell's current is measured while actively altering ...

  4. Instrumental variables estimation - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Instrumental_variables...

    In linear analysis, there is no test to falsify the assumption the is instrumental relative to the pair (,). This is not the case when X {\displaystyle X} is discrete. Pearl (2000) has shown that, for all f {\displaystyle f} and g {\displaystyle g} , the following constraint, called "Instrumental Inequality" must hold whenever Z {\displaystyle ...

  5. Elemental analysis - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elemental_analysis

    Elemental analysis is a process where a sample of some material (e.g., soil, waste or drinking water, bodily fluids, minerals, chemical compounds) is analyzed for its elemental and sometimes isotopic composition.

  6. Isothermal titration calorimetry - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isothermal_Titration...

    In 1965 Christensen and Izatt introduced titration calorimetry as a method for simultaneously determining the equilibrium constant and enthalpy. [ 3 ] [ 10 ] The ITC technique was then developed by H. D. Johnston in 1968 as a part of his Ph.D. dissertation at Brigham Young University, [ 11 ] and was considered niche until introduced ...

  7. Process analytical technology - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Process_analytical_technology

    Process analytical technology (PAT) has been defined by the United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA) as a mechanism to design, analyze, and control pharmaceutical manufacturing processes through the measurement of critical process parameters (CPP) which affect the critical quality attributes (CQA).

  8. Chiral analysis - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chiral_analysis

    Besides pharmaceutical applications chiral analysis [23] plays a major role in the study of biological and environmental samples and also in the forensic field. [24] Chiral analysis methods and applications between the period 2010 and 2020 are exhaustively reviewed recently. [25]

  9. Wet chemistry - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wet_chemistry

    Over time, this became a separate branch of analytical chemistry called instrumental analysis. Because of the high volume of wet chemistry that must be done in today's society and new quality control requirements, many wet chemistry methods have been automated and computerized for streamlined analysis. The manual performance of wet chemistry ...