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Liver function tests (LFTs or LFs), also referred to as a hepatic panel or liver panel, are groups of blood tests that provide information about the state of a patient's liver. [1] These tests include prothrombin time (PT/INR), activated partial thromboplastin time (aPTT), albumin , bilirubin (direct and indirect), and others.
Enzyme activity is commonly used for e.g. liver function tests like AST, ALT, LD and γ-GT in Sweden. [5] Percentages and time-dependent units (mol/s) are used for calculated derived parameters, e.g. for beta cell function in homeostasis model assessment or thyroid's secretory capacity. [citation needed]
Aldosterone stimulates Na + and water reabsorption from the gut, salivary and sweat glands in exchange for K +. Aldosterone stimulates secretion of H + via the H+/ATPase in the intercalated cells of the cortical collecting tubules; Aldosterone upregulates expression of NCC in the distal convoluted tubule chronically and its activity acutely. [18]
ALT is usually found only in the liver. AST is most commonly found in the liver, but also in significant amounts in heart and skeletal muscle. [citation needed] Measurement of ALT and AST were used in diagnosing heart attacks, although they have been replaced by newer enzyme and protein tests that are more specific for cardiac damage.
The AST/ALT ratio or De Ritis ratio is the ratio between the concentrations of two enzymes, aspartate transaminase (AST) and alanine transaminase, aka alanine aminotransferase (ALT), in the blood of a human or animal. It is used as one of several liver function tests, and measured with a blood test.
Aldosterone synthase is a protein which is only expressed in the zona glomerulosa [5] of the adrenal cortex and is primarily regulated by the renin–angiotensin system. [6] It is the sole enzyme capable of synthesizing aldosterone in humans and plays an important role in electrolyte balance and blood pressure. [7]
Adrenal insufficiency is a condition in which the adrenal glands do not produce adequate amounts of steroid hormones.The adrenal glands—also referred to as the adrenal cortex—normally secrete glucocorticoids (primarily cortisol), mineralocorticoids (primarily aldosterone), and androgens.
Cholesterol side-chain cleavage enzyme (20,22-desmolase) – steroid synthesis; 17,20-Lyase (17,20-desmolase) – androgen synthesis; Steroid hydroxylases. 11β-Hydroxylase – corticosteroid synthesis; 17α-Hydroxylase – androgen and glucocorticoid synthesis; 18-Hydroxylase (aldosterone synthase) – mineralocorticoid synthesis