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Twin studies provide a unique opportunity to explore the genetic and environmental influences on autism spectrum disorder (ASD). By studying identical twins, who share identical DNA, and fraternal twins, who share about half of their DNA, researchers can estimate the heritability of autism by comparing the rates of when one twin is diagnosed with autism while the other is not in identical vs ...
Autism spectrum disorder [a] (ASD), or simply autism, is a neurodevelopmental disorder "characterized by persistent deficits in social communication and social interaction across multiple contexts" and "restricted, repetitive patterns of behavior, interests, or activities". [11] Sensory abnormalities are also included in the diagnostic manuals ...
Signs of autism are highly variable, and different individuals will have a different mix of traits. Some more common traits include: Avoidance of eye contact – preference to avoid eye contact and feelings of fear or being overwhelmed when looking into someone's eyes; Developmental delay – slower acquisition of life skills
Altered habituation processes have been linked to characteristic traits of ASD, such as under-responsiveness to some stimuli and over-responsiveness to others. [22] There are many genetic and epigenetic factors that can contribute to increased excitability, but one of the mechanisms implicated in ASD is alterations in GABAergic systems in the ...
This approach to genetic association studies is largely atheoretical, and typically not guided by a particular biological hypothesis regarding the phenotype. [33] Genetic association findings for behavioural traits and psychiatric disorders have been found to be highly polygenic (involving many small genetic effects).
Special interests were later one of the traits listed when autism first appeared in the DSM-III in 1980. [2] In 2024, special interests are listed as a diagnostic trait of autism in the current DSM-5-TR, described as "highly restricted, fixated interests that are abnormal in intensity or focus (e.g., strong attachment to or preoccupation with ...
Wholly genetic disorders, such as Huntingtons, are inherited from parents' genes and are present before birth but the symptoms that develop after birth are delayed manifestations of the inherited trait. Disorders that are partially genetic, such as ALS and allergies, mean the organism has inherited a predisposition to develop a certain ...
A common presentation of sleep apnea in children with autism is insomnia. [67] All known genetic syndromes which are linked to autism have a high prevalence of sleep apnea. The prevalence of sleep apnea in Down's Syndrome is 50% - 100%. [68] Sleep problems and OSA in this population have been linked to language development. [69]