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Hallmarks include information not only about the precious metal and fineness, but the country from which the item was tested and marked. Some hallmarks can reveal even more information, e.g. the assay office, size of the object marked, year the item was hallmarked - referred to as a date mark (also known as date letter). [2]
The symbols on the lower arc of the stamp indicates the caliber (7.7mm, 5.56mm or 7.62mm) and R# or R#M# indicate the model (R) and mark (M) of the cartridge, like the Commonwealth L#A# stamp (e.g., R1M1 is the first model and second Mark of a cartridge). Later, the 2-digit year is in the 12 o'clock position and a digit in the 6 o'clock ...
The BIS system of hallmarking of gold jewellery began in April 2000. The standard specifications governing this system are IS 1417 (grades of gold and gold alloys, jewellery/artefacts), IS 1418 (assaying of gold in gold bullion, gold alloys and gold jewellery/artefacts), IS 2790 (guidelines for manufacture of 14, 18 and 22 carat gold alloys only ), IS 3095 (gold solders for use in manufacture ...
Historically, the marks were used for few purposes: [5] declaration of the ownership (an ownership mark, for example, livestock branding [6]); identification of the manufacturer and place of origin (manufacturer's mark, maker's mark, later a factory mark); differentiation in order to distinguish between similar items (for example, a date mark).
The Della Robbia mark is usually handwritten on the base of pieces with a ship device, and often the initials of the designer and decorator, and sometimes the date. Example initials include: C for Charles Collis; C.A.W. for Cassandia Annie Walker; C.M. for Carlo Manzoni; E.W. and E.M.W. for Emily Margaret Wood; L.W. for Liza Wilkins; R.B for ...
The purity mark for Irish silver is the harp crowned. The date mark is a letter indicating the exact year in which the piece was made. The typeface, whether the letter is uppercase or lowercase, and even the shape inside which the letter is stamped, must all be taken together to determine the year.
A Guide Book of United States Coins by R.S. Yeoman ISBN 0-7948-1790-4; 2005 Blackbook Price Guide to United States Paper Money ISBN 1-4000-4839-7 "Numismatic Terms and Methods" from the American Numismatic Society (archived 19 February 2007) The Complete Illustrated Guide to Coins & Coin Collecting by Dr. James Mackay, ISBN 0-681-45952-2
The marks are usually small and unclear but occasionally full Chinese characters, or small fish symbols, can be found. The character Tian (天), meaning "Heaven" is known from at least one example. The purpose of such chopmarks has been debated, with one theory suggesting it was a way to mark the premium full sized cash coins when compared to ...