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Semantics studies meaning in language, which is limited to the meaning of linguistic expressions. It concerns how signs are interpreted and what information they contain. An example is the meaning of words provided in dictionary definitions by giving synonymous expressions or paraphrases, like defining the meaning of the term ram as adult male sheep. [22]
In the philosophy of language, the distinction between sense and reference was an idea of the German philosopher and mathematician Gottlob Frege in 1892 (in his paper "On Sense and Reference"; German: "Über Sinn und Bedeutung"), [1] reflecting the two ways he believed a singular term may have meaning. The reference (or "referent"; Bedeutung ...
The triangle of reference, from Ogden and Richards' The Meaning of Meaning. In fields such as semantics, semiotics, and the theory of reference, a distinction is made between a referent and a reference. Reference is a relationship in which a symbol or sign (a word, for example) signifies something; the referent is the thing signified. The ...
The triangle of reference, from the influential book The Meaning of Meaning (1923) by C. K. Ogden and I. A. Richards. In semantics, reference is generally construed as the relationships between nouns or pronouns and objects that are named by them. Hence, the word "John" refers to the person John. The word "it" refers to some previously ...
In addition to the singular and plural reference (in many languages grammatically obvious), linguists typically distinguish individual or specific reference, exemplified by each case presented so far, from generic reference, where a singular expression picks out a type of object rather than an individual one, as in The bear is a dangerous animal.
For instance, Rudolf Carnap in his Introduction to Semantics (1942, Harvard University Press) writes: If… explicit reference is made to the speaker, or, to put it in more general terms, to the user of a language, then we assign it to the field of pragmatics.
Language, Meaning and Context is a 1981 book by Sir John Lyons in which the author tries to outline the state of play in semantics.
The triangle of reference (also known as the triangle of meaning [1] and the semiotic triangle) is a model of how linguistic symbols relate to the objects they represent. The triangle was published in The Meaning of Meaning (1923) by Charles Kay Ogden and I. A. Richards . [ 2 ]