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The theorem is also useful on a more microscopic scale, in biology. Living systems, such as cells, can be analyzed thermodynamically. They are rather complex systems, where many energy transformations occur, and they often waste heat. Hence, the Gouy-Stodola theorem may be useful, in certain situations, to perform exergy analysis on such systems.
Schematic diagram of Gouy balance. The Gouy balance, invented by the French physicist Louis Georges Gouy, is a device for measuring the magnetic susceptibility of a sample. . The Gouy balance operates on magnetic torque, by placing the sample on a horizontal arm or beam suspended by a thin fiber, and placing either a permanent magnet or electromagnet on the other end of the arm, there is a ...
The Gouy-Chapman model fails for highly charged DLs. In 1924, Otto Stern suggested combining the Helmholtz model with the Gouy-Chapman model: in Stern's model, some ions adhere to the electrode as suggested by Helmholtz, giving an internal Stern layer, while some form a Gouy-Chapman diffuse layer. [10]
The Poisson–Boltzmann equation can be applied to biomolecular systems. One example is the binding of electrolytes to biomolecules in a solution. This process is dependent upon the electrostatic field generated by the molecule, the electrostatic potential on the surface of the molecule, as well as the electrostatic free energy. [13]
Louis Georges Gouy. Louis Georges Gouy (February 19, 1854 – January 27, 1926) [1] was a French physicist.He is the namesake of the Gouy balance, the Gouy–Chapman electric double layer model (which is a relatively successful albeit limited model that describes the electrical double-layer which finds applications in vast areas of studies from physical chemistry to biophysics) and the Gouy phase.
Exergy, often referred to as "available energy" or "useful work potential", is a fundamental concept in the field of thermodynamics and engineering.It plays a crucial role in understanding and quantifying the quality of energy within a system and its potential to perform useful work.
An example of a solenoidal vector field, (,) = (,) In vector calculus a solenoidal vector field (also known as an incompressible vector field , a divergence-free vector field , or a transverse vector field ) is a vector field v with divergence zero at all points in the field: ∇ ⋅ v = 0. {\displaystyle \nabla \cdot \mathbf {v} =0.}
In this example, predictions for the weather on more distant days change less and less on each subsequent day and tend towards a steady state vector. [5] This vector represents the probabilities of sunny and rainy weather on all days, and is independent of the initial weather. [5] The steady state vector is defined as: