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Mean estradiol levels during 1 to 8 mg/day oral estradiol therapy alone or in combination with 100 to 200 mg/day spironolactone in transgender women. [ 3 ] Percent change in estradiol (E2), estrone (E1), LH, and FSH levels over a 24-hour period following a single dose of 2 mg oral estradiol in women.
FSH = Suppression of FSH Tooltip follicle-stimulating hormone levels. LH = Suppression of LH Tooltip luteinizing hormone levels. HDL-C, SHBG, CBG, and AGT = Increase in the serum levels of these liver proteins. Liver = Ratio of liver estrogenic effects to general/systemic estrogenic effects (hot flashes/gonadotropins).
The most common reason for high serum FSH concentration is in a female who is undergoing or has recently undergone menopause. High levels of FSH indicate that the normal restricting feedback from the gonad is absent, leading to an unrestricted pituitary FSH production. FSH may contribute to postmenopausal osteoporosis and cardiovascular disease ...
Testing serum LH and FSH levels are often used to assess hypogonadism in women, particularly when menopause is believed to be happening. These levels change during a woman's normal menstrual cycle, so the history of having ceased menstruation coupled with high levels aids the diagnosis of being menopausal.
Urine of postmenopausal women reflects the hypergonadotropic state of menopause-levels of follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH) are high - and contain a mixture of these gonadotropins.
Changes in levels of estrogen-sensitive proteins after treatment with oral estradiol or oral ethinylestradiol in postmenopausal women. [64] [65] FSH is a pituitary protein and represents general/systemic estrogenic effect, while SHBG and PZP Tooltip pregnancy zone protein are hepatic proteins and represent liver estrogenic effect.
[101] [102] Oral estradiol valerate at 6 mg/day has been found to increase SHBG levels by 2.5- to 3-fold in transgender women. [103] [104] For comparison, combined birth control pills containing ethinylestradiol and a progestin with minimal androgenic or antiandrogenic activity have been found to increase SHBG levels by about 3- to 4-fold. [105]
The x-axis shows the time of the menstrual cycle in days. The time scale starts with the beginning (or "onset") of (last) menstrual period (LMP), given as day number. Day number 1 corresponds to 0 to 0.99 days from LMP, and Day number 2 corresponds to 1.00 to 1.99 days from LMP and so forth.