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Ole Ivar Løvaas (8 May 1927 – 2 August 2010) [1] [2] was a Norwegian-American clinical psychologist and professor at the University of California, Los Angeles.He is most well known for his research on what is now called applied behavior analysis (ABA) to teach autistic children through prompts, modeling, and positive reinforcement.
Sex and gender differences in autism exist regarding prevalence, presentation, and diagnosis. Men and boys are more frequently diagnosed with autism than women and girls. It is debated whether this is due to a sex difference in rates of autism spectrum disorders (ASD) or whether females are underdiagnosed.
The full name for autism is autism spectrum disorder, [15] abbreviated to ASD. Although some prefer to use the person-first terminology person with autism , other members of the autistic community prefer identity-first terminology, such as autistic person or autistic in formal English, to stress that autism is a part of their identity rather ...
Autism spectrum disorder [a] (ASD), or simply autism, is a neurodevelopmental disorder "characterized by persistent deficits in social communication and social interaction across multiple contexts" and "restricted, repetitive patterns of behavior, interests, or activities". [11] Sensory abnormalities are also included in the diagnostic manuals ...
Baron-Cohen says that tests of the E–S model show that twice as many females than males are Type E and twice as many males than females are Type S. 65% of people with autism spectrum conditions are Extreme Type S. [6] The concept of the Extreme Type E brain has been proposed; however, little research has been conducted on this brain profile. [31]
A Finnish study in April 2015 recommended that the autism spectrum be recognized seriously in developing guidelines for treating "child and adolescent gender dysphoria". [ 48 ] A 2022 survey of gender clinic healthcare clinicians found there were often differences in communication and thinking styles between the clinicians and autistic patients ...
In 2001, he developed the autism-spectrum quotient (AQ), a set of fifty questions that measures how many autistic traits a person has. [44] This was one of the first measures to show that autistic traits run right through the general population and that autistic people on average simply score higher than non-autistic people.
ASD averages a 4.3:1 male-to-female ratio. The number of children on the autism spectrum has increased dramatically since the 1980s, at least partly due to changes in diagnostic practice; it is unclear whether prevalence has actually increased; [3] and as-yet-unidentified environmental risk factors cannot be ruled out. [4]