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Crocodilia are the only non-mammalian vertebrates with tooth sockets. [6] Alligators grow a successional tooth (a small replacement tooth) under each mature functional tooth for replacement once a year, each tooth being replaced up to 50 times in the alligator's life. [7] Crocodilia are researched for tooth regeneration in humans. [7]
This species is an ambush predator; it hunts by burrowing its whole body in soft sediment on the ocean floor and waiting until its antennae detect prey. [4] It then strikes with its sharp mandibles. [5] It may also be found among coral reefs. Eunice aphroditois is also known as the bobbit worm [6] [7] or bobbitt worm. [8]
In the 1994 book Planet Ocean: A Story of Life, the Sea, and Dancing to the Fossil Record, author Brad Matsen and artist Ray Troll describe and depict a reconstruction based on the information gleaned by Bendix-Almgreen (1966). They proposed that no teeth were present in the animal's upper jaw, besides crushing teeth for the whorl to cut against.
The fish range in size from about 3.83 inches to about 4.86 inches long, the study said. They were collected from between approximately 630 feet underwater to about 985 feet underwater.
A few can regrow a complete new disc from a single arm, while others need at least part of the central disc to be attached to the detached part. [22] Regrowth can take several months or years, [ 48 ] and starfish are vulnerable to infections during the early stages after the loss of an arm.
Sea anemones have great powers of regeneration and can reproduce asexually, by budding, fragmentation, or longitudinal or transverse binary fission. Some species such as certain Anthopleura divide longitudinally, pulling themselves apart, resulting in groups of individuals with identical colouring and markings. [ 11 ]
Sea cucumbers can be found in great numbers on the deep seafloor, where they often make up the majority of the animal biomass. [17] At depths deeper than 8,900 m (5.5 mi), sea cucumbers comprise 90% of the total mass of the macrofauna. [18] Sea cucumbers form large herds that move across the bathygraphic features of the ocean, hunting food.
In metamorphosed individuals, however, the ability to regenerate is greatly diminished. The axolotl is therefore used as a model for the development of limbs in vertebrates. [30] There are three basic requirements for regeneration of the limb: the wound epithelium, nerve signaling, and the presence of cells from the different limb axes. [31]