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In epidemiology, a risk factor or determinant is a variable associated with an increased risk of disease or infection. [ 1 ] : 38 Due to a lack of harmonization across disciplines, determinant , in its more widely accepted scientific meaning , is often used as a synonym.
In science, prevalence describes a proportion (typically expressed as a percentage). For example, the prevalence of obesity among American adults in 2001 was estimated by the U. S. Centers for Disease Control (CDC) at approximately 20.9%. [5] Prevalence is a term that means being widespread and it is distinct from incidence.
Some commenters maintain a distinction between diseases of longevity and diseases of civilization or diseases of affluence. [5] Certain diseases, such as diabetes, dental caries and asthma, appear at greater rates in young populations living in the "western" way; their increased incidence is not related to age, so the terms cannot accurately be ...
Epidemiology has its limits at the point where an inference is made that the relationship between an agent and a disease is causal (general causation) and where the magnitude of excess risk attributed to the agent has been determined; that is, epidemiology addresses whether an agent can cause disease, not whether an agent did cause a specific ...
Bleeding, bruising, fatigue, fever, increased risk of infections [2] Usual onset: All ages, [3] most common in 60s and 70s. [4] It is the most common malignant cancer in children, but the cure rates are also higher for them. Causes: Inherited and environmental factors [5] Risk factors
The term "risk factor" was first coined Dr. William B. Kannel in a 1961 article in Annals of Internal Medicine. Dr. Kannel was the epidemiologist who discovered most of the major risk factors for cardiovascular disease while working on the Framingham Heart Study in Massachusetts. There are 2 useful ways to utilize risk factors in prevention ...
The Plague of Athens (c. 1652 –1654) by Michiel Sweerts, illustrating the devastating epidemic that struck Athens in 430 BC, as described by the historian Thucydides. The United States Centers for Disease Control and Prevention defines epidemic broadly: "Epidemic refers to an increase, often sudden, in the number of cases of a disease above what is normally expected in that population in ...
Being female is the single greatest risk factor for developing autoimmune disease than any other genetic or environmental risk factor yet discovered. [ 23 ] [ 24 ] Autoimmune conditions overrepresented in women include: lupus , primary biliary cholangitis , Graves' disease , Hashimoto's thyroiditis , and multiple sclerosis , among many others.